Imibiko yakamuva ngenkinga yamalungelo abantu esifundeni iXinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ikhombisa ukuthi i-United States ingumthengi omkhulu wezisebenzi eziphoqelelwe zama-Uyghur ezimakethe zomhlaba.Cishe kuqinisekile ukuthi ezinye zezimpahla ezithengiswayo njengamanje e-United States, nakuba kunzima ukusho ukuthi yiziphi, zenziwa ngokuphelele noma ingxenye yama-Uyghurs kanye namanye ama-Muslim amancane ukuze akhuthaze "ukufundisa kabusha" okuphoqelelwe eChina.
Uma sibheka kunoma iyiphi inhloso nenjongo, noma isiphi “isidingo” somsebenzi ophoqelelwe wama-Uyghur e-United States asihlosiwe.Izinkampani zaseMelika azifuni umsebenzi ophoqelelwe wama-Uighur, futhi azithembi ukuzuza ngasese izinzuzo zezomnotho kuwo.Abathengi baseMelika abanaso isidingo esiqondile sezimpahla ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Izingozi zesithunzi ezilethwa amaketango anikezela ngempahla ahlobene nokuqothulwa kohlanga noma ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini bubonakala bubalulekile.Kodwa-ke, uphenyo nokuhlaziya kukhiqize ubufakazi obuthembekile obuhlobanisa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe wama-Uyghur nomsebenzi ophoqelelwe wama-Uyghur ohlanganisa uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla lwase-US.
Isidingo esingahlosiwe e-United States asiyona imbangela yenkinga ye-Xinjiang ngokuphelele, kodwa kusewumgomo osemthethweni wokugcina i-US supply chain ixhumane nomsebenzi ophoqelelwe wama-Uyghur.Kuphinde kwabonakala kuyinkinga edidayo.Kusukela eminyakeni engama-90, i-Article 307 yoMthetho Wezintela ka-1930 uye wenqabela ukungeniswa kwezimpahla ezenziwe ngokuphelele noma ingxenye yomsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Kodwa-ke, amaqiniso afakazele ukuthi umthetho awukwazi ukwehlisa ngempumelelo ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe okuhlobene ne-Xinjiang noma cishe yonke imisebenzi ephoqelelwe esabalele emnothweni womhlaba.
Isigaba 307 sinamaphutha amabili amakhulu.Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi uchungechunge lwesimanje lokunikezela ngempahla emhlabeni wonke likhulu futhi alibonakali, isixhumanisi sochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwabantu ngempoqo sisekhona.Umthetho okwamanje awuklanyelwe ukusiza ukwandisa ukubonakala nokucaca, nakuba lokhu kuyisici somthetho esinenzuzo eyingqayizivele ekusetshenzisweni komthetho.Nakuba iSigaba 307 siyakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yomsebenzi ophoqelekile womkhiqizi wokugcina wezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kunzima ukukhomba umsebenzi ojwayelekile ophoqelelwe ngesisekelo sochungechunge lokuhlinzeka.Uma ukwakheka kweSigaba 307 kungashintshwa, inombolo nobubanzi bemisebenzi yokuphoqelela ngokumelene nempahla eyingozi (njengokotini ovela e-Xinjiang) ngeke isebenze ngempela.
Okwesibili, nakuba ukusebenza ngempoqo kulula ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha ukwenza isenzo sokwedelela esisabalele, kusenezinkinga eziyiqiniso nezomthetho ekunqumeni indlela yokuhlonza bese kwenqabela ngempumelelo ukungeniswa kwezimpahla ezenziwe ngokuphoqelelwa, okuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.Lezi zinkinga azilethanga nje kuphela imiphumela yezohwebo, kodwa ziphinde zaletha imithelela yesimilo nedumela eliyivelakancane emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwezohwebo.Kungashiwo ukuthi emkhakheni wemithetho yezohwebo, asikho isidingo esikhulu noma esikhulu sezinqubo ezinobulungiswa kanye nezinqubo ezinobulungiswa kuneSigaba 307.
Inkinga e-Xinjiang icacise amaphutha e-Article 307 kanye nesidingo sokuguqula uhlaka lwezomthetho.Manje yisikhathi sokucabanga kabusha ukuvinjelwa kokungenisa kwe-US emsebenzini ophoqelelwe.I-Athikili 307 ebuyekeziwe ingadlala indima eyingqayizivele emkhakheni wezomthetho ohlobene nochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, futhi kuyithuba lokusebenzisa ubuholi bomhlaba wonke phakathi kwe-United States namadlelandawonye ayo naphakathi kwamadlelandawonye.
Amaqiniso afakazele ukuthi umbono wokuvimbela ukungeniswa kwezimpahla ezenziwe ngokuphoqwa uthandwa kakhulu.ICanada kanye neMexico bavumile ukukhipha imingcele efanayo ngokusebenzisa isivumelwano se-United States-Mexico-Canada.Kusanda kwethulwa umthethosivivinywa ofanayo e-Australia.Kulula ukuvuma ukuthi izimpahla ezenziwe ngokuphoqelelwa azinandawo ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke.Inselele iwukuthola indlela yokwenza umthetho onjalo usebenze.
Ulimi olusetshenziswayo lweSigaba 307 (sifakwe ku-19 USC §1307) singamagama angama-54 amafushane ngokumangalisayo:
Ngaphansi kwezijeziso zobugebengu, zonke izimpahla, izimpahla, izimpahla kanye nezimpahla ezembiwa ngokuphelele noma ingxenye yazo, ezikhiqizwe noma ezikhiqizwa emazweni angaphandle ngomsebenzi olahlwe yicala noma/noma umsebenzi ophoqelelwe noma/kanye nomsebenzi wenkontileka azinalungelo lokungena kunoma yisiphi ichweba futhi azivunyelwe. kusukela ekungeniseni e-United States, [.]
Ukuvinjelwa kuphelele, kuphelele.Ayidingi izinyathelo zokuphoqelela ezingeziwe, nanoma yimiphi eminye imithetho esebenza eqinisweni elithile.Ngobuchwepheshe, i-latitude ne-longitude akucacisiwe.Umbandela kuphela obangela ukuqaliswa kokuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ukusetshenziswa komsebenzi ophoqelelwe ekukhiqizeni izimpahla.Uma izimpahla zenziwe ziphelele noma ingxenye ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe, izimpahla kungenzeka zingangeniswa ngokusemthethweni e-United States.Uma ukwephulwa kokwenqatshelwa kutholakala, kuzoba isisekelo sezijeziso zomphakathi noma zobugebengu.
Ngakho-ke, kumongo we-Xinjiang, iSigaba 307 sibeka isiphakamiso esithakazelisayo nesilula.Uma isimo sase-Xinjiang silingana nomsebenzi ophoqelelwe, futhi konke noma ingxenye yawo kukhiqizwa umsebenzi onjalo, khona-ke akukho emthethweni ukungenisa lezi zimpahla e-United States.Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, ngaphambi kokuba amaqiniso e-Xinjiang abhalwe ngokugcwele, kungase kube lula ukubuza ukuthi izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezisatshalaliswa e-Xinjiang empeleni beziwumsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Nokho, leso sikhathi sesidlulile.Ukuphela kweqembu eligomela ngokuthi akukho msebenzi ophoqelelwe e-Xinjiang yiQembu LamaKhomanisi laseChina.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi "ukuvinjelwa" kokuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwempahla ngempoqo kubekwe yimithethonqubo ngokwayo, futhi akubangwa yinoma yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphoqelela ezithathwe yi-US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).Cishe kuyo yonke imibiko ye-CBP yama-oda okukhishwa okubanjiwe adlule (WRO) kakotini notamatisi e-Xinjiang nokotini okhiqizwe i-Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, lokhu kuhlukahluka kucishe kwanyamalala.Lawa ma-WRO cishe achazwa emhlabeni wonke njengezenzo “zokuvimbela” ukungeniswa kwezimpahla ezinjalo, nakuba engazange akwenze lokho.I-CBP ngokwayo yachaza ukuthi “i-WRO ayikona ukuvinjelwa”.
Isenzakalo esifanayo siphinde savela lapho kubikwa futhi kuhlelwa uMthetho Wokuvimbela Umsebenzi Ophoqelelwe Wase-Uyghur (UFLPA).Umthetho ohlongozwayo eNgqungqutheleni ye-116 futhi manje ophinde wethulwa kuNgqungquthela yamanje uzosungula umbono ophikiswayo wokuthi zonke izimpahla ezivela eXinjiang noma ama-Uyghur zikhiqizwe kolunye lwezinhlelo zomphakathi eziyimpikiswano.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakuphi, badalwa ngokuphoqelelwa..Izici ze-UFLPA azilungile.Ibeka “ukuvalwa” kwempahla yeXinjiang, kodwa empeleni ayikwenzi lokho.Kudingeka ukuthi abangenisi “bafakazele amaqiniso” futhi “baqondanise ngamanga umthwalo wobufakazi neqiniso”.Okungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ku-Xinjiang akuwona umsebenzi ophoqelelwe.” Ngeke.
Akuzona izinkinga ezincane lezi.Ukungaqondi kahle i-WRO njengokuvinjelwa noma ukuchaza i-UFLPA njengesidingo sokudlulisa umthwalo wobufakazi ezinkampanini ezingenisayo ngeke nje kungaqondi kahle lokho umthetho ongakwenza, kodwa nalokho okungeke kwenziwe.Okubaluleke kakhulu, abantu kumele bangakuqondi.ngempumelelo.Ukuvinjelwa komsebenzi ophoqelelwe ongenisiwe kubangela inselele enkulu yokugcinwa komthetho, ikakhulukazi e-Xinjiang, lapho iningi labantu lisebenza ngempoqo lenzeka ekujuleni kwe-supply chain.Ukusetshenziswa okugcwele kwe-CBP kwe-WRO ebanzi akukwazi ukunqoba lezi zinselele, kodwa kuzozibhebhethekisa.I-UFLPA ingase ifeze ezinye izinto ezibalulekile, kodwa ngeke kusize, ukubhekana nezinselelo eziwumgogodla wokugcinwa komthetho.
Yini i-WRO, uma kungeyona ukuvinjelwa?Lokhu kuwukucabangela.Ngokuqondile, lona umyalo wentela wangaphakathi wokuthi i-CBP ithole izizathu ezizwakalayo zokusola ukuthi isigaba esithile noma uhlobo oluthile lwezimpahla lwakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe futhi lwangeniswa e-United States, futhi yayala umphathi wechweba ukuthi abambe ukuthunyelwa kwalezo zimpahla .I-CBP ithatha ngokuthi izimpahla ezinjalo ziwumsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Uma umthengi ongaphandle evalela izimpahla ngaphansi kwe-WRO, umthengisi angafakazela ukuthi izimpahla aziqukethe isigaba sezimpahla noma isigaba esishiwo ku-WRO (ngamanye amazwi, i-CBP ivimbela ukuthunyelwa okungalungile), noma izimpahla ziqukethe isigaba esicacisiwe noma isigaba sezimpahla , Lezi zimpahla azikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa abantu abaphoqelelwe (ngamanye amazwi, ukucabangela kwe-CBP akulungile).
Indlela ye-WRO ifaneleka kakhulu ukubhekana nezinsolo zokuthi abasebenzi abaphoqelelwe ngabakhiqizi bomkhiqizo wokugcina, kodwa uma isetshenziselwa ukukhomba abasebenzi abaphoqelelwe okwenzeka ekujuleni kwe-supply chain, indlela ye-WRO iyasungulwa maduzane.Isibonelo, uma i-CBP isola ukuthi i-Company X isebenzisa abasebenzi basejele ukuze ihlanganise izingxenye ezincane e-China, ingakhipha i-oda futhi imise ngokuthembekile zonke izingxenye ezincane ezikhiqizwe yiNkampani X. Ifomu lesimemezelo sentela libonisa izimpahla ezingenisiwe (izingxenye ezincane) kanye nomkhiqizi (inkampani engu-X).Nokho, i-CBP ayikwazi ngokusemthethweni ukusebenzisa i-WRO njengohambo lokudoba, okungukuthi, ukubamba impahla ukuze inqume ukuthi iqukethe izigaba noma izinhlobo zezimpahla ezishiwo ku-WRO.Uma I-Customs and Border Protection Bureau iqondise imikhiqizo ekujuleni kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka (njengokotini e-Xinjiang), akulula ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izimpahla eziqukethe izigaba ezimisiwe noma izinhlobo zezimpahla futhi ngenxa yalokho azikho ngaphakathi kwesikophu se-WRO.
Lena inkinga yangempela ekulweni nomsebenzi ophoqelelwe, okwenzeka noma kuphi ngaphandle kwesigaba sokuqala sokuhlinzekwa, okungukuthi, umsebenzi ophoqelelwe usetshenziswa yinoma ubani ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla ngaphandle komkhiqizi wokugcina womkhiqizo wokugcina .Lokhu kuyadabukisa, ngoba iningi lezixhumanisi zabasebenzi abaphoqelelwe ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa okuboshelwe e-United States zijulile kunezinga lokuqala lokuhlinzekwa.Lokhu kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo ecutshungulwe kancane ngaphambi kokuba ingeniswe kwamanye amazwe kodwa idayiswa njengempahla futhi ngenxa yalokho ilahlekelwa ubuwena ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna, njengemikhiqizo efana nokhokho, ikhofi nopelepele.Kuphinde kuhlanganise nezimpahla esezidlule izigaba eziningi zokukhiqiza ngaphambi kokuba zingeniswe kwamanye amazwe, ezifana nempahla efana nekotini, uwoyela wesundu kanye ne-cobalt.
I-International Labour Affairs Bureau (ILAB) ishicilele uhlu lwemikhiqizo eyaziwa nguhulumeni wase-US ukuthi yenziwe ngokusetshenziswa ngempoqo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezingane.Inguqulo yakamuva yohlu ikhombe inhlanganisela yezwe yemikhiqizo eyi-119 eyakhiqizwa ngaphansi kokuphoqwa.Eminye yale mikhiqizo ingase ikhiqizwe kusetshenziswa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe esigabeni sokugcina somkhiqizi (njengezinto zikagesi, izingubo zokugqoka noma okhaphethi), kodwa iningi labo lingena e-United States ngokungaqondile.
Uma i-CBP ifuna ukusebenzisa i-WRO ukuvimbela ukotini ovela e-Xinjiang ekudungeni ukotini e-Xinjiang, kufanele kuqala yazi ukuthi yiziphi izimpahla eziqukethe ukotini we-Xinjiang.Akukho lutho kusizindalwazi esijwayelekile sokungenisa i-CBP engasisebenzisa ukusiza ukuvala leli gebe.
Ngokucabangela ubuqiniso bokunikezwa kwendwangu emhlabeni wonke, i-US Customs and Border Protection ayikwazi ukucabanga ngokunengqondo ukuthi zonke izimpahla zamaShayina eziqukethe ukotini zenziwe ngokotini we-Xinjiang.I-China iphinde ibe ngumthengisi omkhulu emhlabeni wonke wefayibha kakotini.Inani elikhulu lezingubo zikakotini ezenziwe eShayina zingenziwa kusuka ukotini okhiqizwa e-United States.Ngesizathu esifanayo, ukotini okhiqizwa eXinjiang ungase uphothwe ube yizintambo, bese ulukwa ube yindwangu, futhi ekugcineni ungene e-United States njengezingubo eziqediwe ezivela e-United States, Turkey, Honduras, noma Bangladesh.
Lokhu kufanekisa kahle “isici” sokuqala esigabeni 307 esicashunwe ngenhla.Uma wonke ukotini ovela e-Xinjiang usengozini yokukhiqizwa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe, khona-ke amashumi ezigidigidi zamadola emikhiqizo eqediwe equkethe ukotini ingase ingeniswe e-United States ngokungemthetho.Ukotini okhiqizwa e-Xinjiang ulinganiselwa ku-15-20% wokuphakelwa kukakotini emhlabeni jikelele.Kodwa-ke, akekho owaziyo ukuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo elawulwa ngumthetho, ngoba ukucacisa umthombo wezintambo zekotini ezingutsheni ezingeniswayo akuyona imfuneko yokungenisa.Iningi labathenga kwamanye amazwe alilazi izwe okuvela kulo imicu kakotini ochungechungeni lwabo lokuhlinzeka, futhi i-US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) yazi okuncane nakakhulu.Ekugcineni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukutholwa kwezinto ezenziwe nge-Xinjiang cotton kuwuhlobo lokuqagela.
Iyini i-UFLPA?Njengesixazululo ezinseleleni zokuphoqelela zeSigaba 307 ngokumelene ne-Xinjiang, kuthiwani nge-UFLPA?Lona omunye umcabango.Empeleni, lokhu kufana ne-WRO esemthethweni.I-UFLPA izothatha ngokuthi noma yiziphi izimpahla ezivela eXinjiang ziphelele noma ingxenye yazo, kanye nanoma yiziphi izimpahla ezikhiqizwa izisebenzi zase-Uyghur ezihlobene nezinhlelo zezenhlalo ezikhathazayo e-China, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikuphi, kufanele zenziwe ngokuphoqelelwa.Njenge-WRO, uma umthengi ongaphandle evalela inqwaba yezimpahla ngenxa yokusolakala ukuthi basebenze ngempoqo ngemuva kokuthi i-UFLPA iqale ukusebenza (iseyinkulu “uma”), umthengisi angazama ukufakazela ukuthi izimpahla azikho endaweni (ngoba azikho noma azikho). umsuka).Imikhiqizo eyenziwe e-Xinjiang noma e-Uyghurs), noma ngabe umkhiqizo usuka e-Xinjiang noma wakhiwe ama-Uyghur, umsebenzi ophoqelelwe awusetshenziswa.Inguqulo ye-UFLPA, eyethulwe kabusha kule Nkongolo nguSenator uMarco Rubio, iqukethe ezinye iziqondiso eziningi ezithakazelisayo, okuhlanganisa ukugunyazwa okucacile kwe-CBP ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuthuthukiswa kwemithetho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuphoqelela ngokufaka okuvela emphakathini kanye ne-ejensi yombuso eminingi.Kodwa-ke, uma sikhuluma ngokuyisisekelo, izinhlinzeko ezisebenzayo zalo mthethosivivinywa kuseyimibono engokomthetho ezimpahleni ezikhiqizwe ngabasebenzi bakwa-Xinjiang noma base-Uyghur.
Kodwa-ke, i-UFLPA ngeke ixazulule noma yiziphi izinselelo ezingaba khona zokuphoqelela ukuhwebelana ezilethwe yinkinga yaseXinjiang.Umthethosivivinywa ngeke uvumele i-US Customs and Border Protection ukuthi inqume kangcono ukuthi imikhiqizo eyenziwe e-Xinjiang noma e-Uighurs ingena e-US-bound supply chain.Amaketango amakhulu futhi angabonakali azoqhubeka nokuphazamisa izinqumo zokugcinwa komthetho.Lo mthethosivivinywa awukuvimbeli ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe okungaphezu kokuvinjiwe okuvela e-Xinjiang, futhi awuguquli ngokuyisisekelo isibopho sabangenisi bempahla ekhiqizwe i-Xinjiang-origin noma isi-Uyghur.Ngaphandle uma liboshiwe, ngeke “lidlulise” umthwalo wobufakazi, futhi alikaze linikeze imephu yomgwaqo yokwandisa ukuboshwa.Inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yokuhweba engadalulwanga ne-Uyghur ephoqelelwe ukusebenza izoqhubeka.
Nokho, i-UFLPA izofinyelela okungenani umgomo owodwa obalulekile.I-China ikuphika ngokuphelele ukuthi uhlelo lwayo lwezenhlalo lwama-Xinjiang Uyghurs lulingana nomsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Emehlweni amaShayina, lezi yizixazululo zokuqeda ubumpofu nokulwa nobuphekula.I-UFLPA izocacisa ukuthi i-United States ibheka kanjani ukubhekwa okuhlelekile kanye nezinhlelo zokucindezelwa, ezifana nendlela umthetho we-2017 owakhipha ngayo ukucabangela okufanayo emsebenzini waseNyakatho Korea.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokhu ukuzimisela kwezombusazwe noma ukumane umemezele amaqiniso ngokombono we-United States, lesi isitatimende esinamandla esenziwe uKhongolose kanye noMongameli futhi akufanele silahlwe ngokushesha.
Kusukela isichibiyelo somthetho sango-2016 sasusa izintuba osekunesikhathi eside zikhona kuSigaba 307, futhi i-CBP yaqala ukusebenzisa umthetho ngemva kokumiswa iminyaka engu-20, ngokuvamile ulwazi lwezinhlangothi ezihililekile ekusetshenzisweni kweSigaba 307 aluzange lulingane neze. .Umphakathi wamabhizinisi wokungenisa ezweni uphazamiseke kakhulu yizinqubo zokuphoqelela umthetho nezenzo ezingase zibukele phansi ukuhwebelana kwabasebenzi okusemthethweni okungaphoqiwe.Ababambiqhaza abafisa ukuqinisa ukuthotshelwa komthetho bakhungathekile ngenxa yokubambezeleka kokugcinwa komthetho, futhi inani eliphelele lezinyathelo zokuphoqelela ezithathiwe lincane kakhulu, ezinye zazo zincane ngokumangazayo.Isimo sase-Xinjiang siwukuthuthuka kwakamuva nje, nakuba futhi kuyinto egqama kakhulu, ukugqamisa amaphutha eSigaba 307.
Kuze kube manje, imizamo yokuxazulula lokhu kushiyeka igxile ekuthungeni nasekuthungeni okuncane: ngokwesibonelo, ithimba le-ejensi ehlukene lasungulwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lokuqalisa lweSigaba 307, futhi umbiko weHhovisi Likahulumeni Lase-US Lokuphendula watusa ukuthi i-CBP ihlinzeke. Izinsiza ezengeziwe nezinhlelo zezabasebenzi ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nezincomo zekomiti labaluleki bemboni ezimele ku-CBP, ukuze kukhawulwe izinsolo ezingenzeka zokusebenzisa okuphoqelelwe kanye nokwenza izinguquko eziwusizo emithethweni yentela.Uma imenyezelwe, inguqulo ye-UFLPA esanda kwethulwa kabusha ku-117th Congress izoba ukuguqulwa okukhulu kweSigaba 307 kuze kube manje.Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke ukukhathazeka okuphusile mayelana neSigaba 307, kukhona ukukhathazeka okuncane mayelana nemithethonqubo ngokwayo.Nakuba umthetho uvimbela ukungeniswa kwazo zonke noma zonke izimpahla ezenziwe ngokuphoqelelwa, umthetho ngokwawo unamandla, kodwa umthetho ngokwawo usadinga ukubuyekezwa ngokushesha.
Njengoba iSigaba 307 siwukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, imithethonqubo yentela esetshenziswayo esebenza lo mthetho ngokwezinga elithile itholakala ngendlela ehlekisayo phakathi kokuvinjelwa kokungenisa kwezinye izitembu mbumbulu namamuvi angcolile (ngokwezwi nezwi uhlobo lwezimpahla ozibonayo ), ukutolika iJaji Lenkantolo Ephakeme u-Potter Stewart ( Potter Stewart).Kodwa-ke, ngokubuka kanye nangomthetho, akukho mehluko phakathi kwezimpahla ezenziwe ngokuphoqelelwa kanye nezimpahla ezenziwe ngaphandle kokusebenza ngempoqo.Ngisho nokubekwa kwemithethonqubo kubonakala kusho ukuthi imodeli yesigaba 307 ayilungile.
Uma kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaketango okunikezwayo emhlabeni wonke kanye nomsebenzi ophoqelelwe kuyaqhubeka ngenxa yamaketanga amakhulu futhi angabonakali, khona-ke imithetho edinga ukubonakala nokucaciswa kwe-supply chain iwusizo kakhulu ekuqedeni umsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Ngenhlanhla, inani elikhulu lezibonelo zemithethonqubo yokungenisa ezweni libonisa indlela yokwenza lokhu kwezinye izimo, ngempumelelo enkulu.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ukugadwa kokungenisa ulwazi kuphela.Abathekelisi kudingeka ngokomthetho ukuthi baqoqe lolu lwazi futhi balumemezele ezikhulwini zempahla, kanye nomsebenzi owenziwe yizikhulu zezokuthutha zizodwa noma ngokubambisana nochwepheshe bezihloko ezivela kwezinye izinhlangano ukuze bahlole ukunemba kwalolo lwazi futhi baqinisekise Ngemiphumela efanele. .
Imithethonqubo yokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ihlale isuka ekunqunyweni kwemikhawulo yemikhiqizo ethile engenisiwe enezinhlobo ezithile zobungozi, kanye nokubeka imibandela yokungenisa lezo zimpahla ukuze kwehliswe ubungozi obunjalo.Isibonelo, ukudla okuvela kwamanye amazwe kuwumthombo ongaba yingozi empilweni yabathengi.Ngakho-ke, imithethonqubo efana ne-Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act kanye neFood Safety Modernization Act, elawulwa yi-US Food and Drug Administration futhi iphoqelelwe yi-US Customs and Border Protection emngceleni, ibeka imibandela ethile ekungethweni kokudla okukhaviwe. .Le mithetho ibeka imithetho ehlukene yemikhiqizo ehlukene ngokusekelwe engcupheni.
Abathekelisi kufanele babazise kusenesikhathi ukuthi bahlose ukungenisa ukudla okuthile, bafake ilebula emikhiqizweni enamazinga athile, noma baqoqe futhi banakekele imibhalo efakazela ukuthi izindawo zokukhiqiza ukudla kwamanye amazwe ziyahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha zase-US.Indlela efanayo iyathathwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi konke ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kusuka kumalebula ejezi (imithetho yokulebula okuqukethwe kwe-fiber ngaphansi kwe-Textile and Wool Act elawulwa yi-Federal Trade Commission) kuya kudoti oyingozi (imithetho nemithethonqubo elawulwa yi-Environmental Protection Agency) ihlangabezana nezimfuneko.
Njengoba iSigaba 307 sivimbela ubunqunu bezinhlamvu ezingu-54, asikho isidingo esingokomthetho mayelana nezimo zokungenisa eziyisibopho zomsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Uhulumeni akaqoqi imininingwane eyisisekelo mayelana nezimpahla ezinengcuphe eyaziwayo yokusebenza ngempoqo, futhi akadingi nokuthi lowo ongenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe asho ngokucacile ukuthi “lo mkhumbi awenziwanga uphelele noma ingxenye yawo ngokuphoqelelwa.”Alikho ifomu ongaligcwalisa, alikho ibhokisi likaqhwishi, akukho Ulwazi lokudalula.
Ukwehluleka ukucacisa i-Athikili 307 njengendlela yokulawula ukungenisa kunemiphumela ekhethekile.Ngokukhula kwengcindezi ku-CBP yokuphoqelela umthetho, i-US Customs sekuyisikhathi eside iyinjini yedatha ebalulekile kahulumeni wase-US.Ingathembela kuphela emuseni wabantu ongabazi ukuze ithole ulwazi oluhlobene nezinqumo eziqinile okufanele izenze.Lokhu akugcini nje ngokunquma ukuthi kumele kugxilwe kuphi ekutholweni kwezomthetho kwe-ejensi kuqala, bese kulandela ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zomthetho ngokumelene nokungenisa kwangempela.
Uma ingekho indlela yokucubungula izinsolo zokusebenza ngempoqo kanye nobufakazi obuhlobene obuphikisana nalokho, inqubo esobala, esekelwe kumarekhodi, i-CBP yaphendukela ebudlelwaneni nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni (ama-NGO) ukuze kuqoqwe ubuhlakani mayelana nokusebenza ngempoqo, futhi izikhulu ze-CBP ziye Hamba uye eThailand nakwamanye amazwe.Qonda inkinga ngokuqondile.Amalungu amanje eCongress aseqalile ukubhala izincwadi eziya e-US Customs and Border Protection, emaka izindatshana ezithokozisayo ezimayelana nokusebenza ngempoqo azifundile, futhi efuna kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuphoqelela.Kodwa ngomsebenzi walawa ma-NGO, izintatheli, namalungu eCongress, akucaci ukuthi i-CBP iluqoqa kanjani ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe i-Athikili 307.
Njengesimo esisha sokungenisa, ukuchaza kabusha ukuvinjelwa komsebenzi okuphoqelekile njengohlobo lokulawula ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kungase kubeke izidingo zokukhiqiza ulwazi oluhlobene nezindaba zomsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Njengoba kwenzeka, i-CBP isiqalile ukuhlonza izinhlobo eziningi zolwazi ezingase zibe usizo ophenyweni lomsebenzi ophoqelelwe.Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokubambisana okusimeme kokuthengwa kwempahla phakathi kwe-CBP nabaholi bezimboni.I-CBP ithole ukuthi umdwebo obanzi we-supply chain, incazelo yokuthi uthengwa kanjani abasebenzi esinyathelweni ngasinye sochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, izinqubomgomo zezinkampani ezibophezelekile emphakathini kanye namakhodi okuziphatha ochungechunge lokunikezela konke kungasetshenziswa njengenkomba.Isiza ukwazisa izinqumo zokusebenzisa.
I-CBP isiqalile nokuthumela amaphepha emibuzo kubangenisi abacela amadokhumenti anjalo, nakuba okwamanje ungekho umthetho owenza ukuba kulawa madokhumenti kube umbandela wokungenisa ezweni.Ngokuya ngo-19 USC § 1509(a)(1)(A), i-CBP igcina uhlu lwawo wonke amarekhodi abangenisa impahla ngaphandle okungadingeka ukuthi bawagcine, angafakiwe njengemibandela yokungenisa.I-CBP ingahlala yenza izicelo, futhi abanye abangenisi bangase bazame ukukhiqiza okuqukethwe okuwusizo, kodwa kuze kube yilapho i-Athikili 307 isibuyekezwa ngendlela yemithetho yokungenisa, impendulo yalezi zicelo isazoba isenzo sokwethembeka.Ngisho nalabo abazimisele ngokucobelela bangase bangabi nalo ulwazi umthetho ongadingi ukuthi babe nalo.
Ngokombono wokwandisa uhlu lwamadokhumenti adingekayo ukuze afake phakathi imidwebo ye-supply chain nezinqubomgomo zebhizinisi zesibopho sezenhlalakahle, noma ukunikeza i-CBP amandla amakhulu okuvalela ukuzingela ukotini wase-Xinjiang noma ezinye izimpahla ezenziwe ngokusebenza ngempoqo, isixazululo esilula singatholakala.Kodwa-ke, isisombululo esinjalo singase singayinaki inselele ebaluleke kakhulu yokuklama ukuvinjelwa okusebenzayo kokungeniswa kwabasebenzi okuphoqelelwe, okunquma indlela engcono yokuxazulula izinkinga eziyiqiniso nezomthetho ezihlanganisa imibuzo ephoqelelwe yabasebenzi.
Amaqiniso kanye nezindaba ezingokomthetho esimweni sokusebenza ngempoqo kunzima ukuzixazulula, njenganoma iyiphi inkinga okuhlangatshezwana nayo emkhakheni wokuqondisa ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, kodwa izithakazelo ezihilelekile ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi ngencazelo yokuziphatha nesithunzi, ayikho Indawo efanayo.
Izinhlobo ezehlukene zokuqondisa ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ziphakamisa izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zamaqiniso nomthetho.Isibonelo, i-US Customs and Border Protection ihlukanisa kanjani uma izimpahla ezingenisiwe zithole uxhaso olungalungile oluvela kohulumeni bangaphandle, umonakalo ezimbonini zasekhaya, kanye nevelu efanelekile yalolo xhaso?Ngenkathi i-CBP ivula isitsha esinebhola e-Port of Los Angeles/Long Beach, ama-bearings amabhola axhaswe ngokungafanele ayefana ncamashi nama-bearings amabhola adayiswayo.
Impendulo iwukuthi umthetho wentela omelene noxhaso owashaywa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 (owamukelwa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe emashumini eminyaka alandelayo njengesifanekiso sezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezilawula umthetho wentela) udinga izikhungo ezinolwazi ukuba zamukele izinqubo zokuqulwa kwecala ezisekelwe ebufakazini futhi zamukele. izinqubo zokumangalela ezisekelwe ebufakazini.Rekhoda isinqumo esibhaliwe futhi wamukele igunya elifanele.Buyekeza.Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sokuphatha esiphusile esisungulwe ngemithetho ebhaliwe, lezi zinkinga eziyiqiniso nezomthetho zizoxazululwa ngisho nangaphansi kwezimpande zemibono engacacile kanye nentando yezombangazwe.
Ukwehlukanisa izimpahla ezikhiqizwa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe kulezo ezikhiqizwe abasebenzi abanobulungiswa kudinga okungenani amaqiniso amaningi anzima nezinqumo zezomthetho njenganoma yiliphi icala lentela eliphikisayo, nokunye.Kuphi ngempela ukusebenza ngempoqo futhi i-CBP yazi kanjani?Uphi umugqa phakathi kwabasebenzi abanezinkinga ezinkulu kuphela kanye nabasebenzi abaphoqelelwe ngempela?Uhulumeni ukwahlulela kanjani ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi komsebenzi ophoqelelwe kanye ne-supply chain eboshelwe e-United States?Abaphenyi nabenzi bezinqubomgomo banquma kanjani ukuthi kufanele kuthathwe amakhambi achazwe kancane noma lapho kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezibanzi?Uma kungeyona i-CBP noma umthengi ongenayo ongakwazi ukufakazela inkinga yomsebenzi ophoqelelwe, uzoba yini umphumela?
Uhlu luyaqhubeka.Yiziphi izindinganiso zobufakazi zokuthatha izinyathelo zokuphoqelela?Yikuphi ukuthunyelwa okufanele kuboshwe?Yibuphi ubufakazi okufanele banele ukuze kukhululwe?Zingaki izinyathelo zokulungisa ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uxegiswe noma uqedwe?Uhulumeni uqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi izimo ezifanayo ziphathwa ngokulinganayo?
Okwamanje, ngamunye wale mibuzo uphendulwa yi-CBP kuphela.Enqubweni esekelwe kumarekhodi, akukho neyodwa yazo engaxazululwa.Lapho kwenziwa uphenyo futhi kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuqinisa umthetho, izinhlangothi ezithintekayo ngeke zaziswe kusenesikhathi, zibhekwe imibono ephambene noma zikhiphe noma yiziphi izizathu ezizwakalayo zesinyathelo ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwabezindaba.Asikho isaziso esinikeziwe futhi akukho mazwana atholiwe.Akekho owaziyo ukuthi ibuphi ubufakazi obanele bokwenza umyalo, ukuhoxisa umyalo noma ukuwugcina usendaweni.Isinqumo sokuphoqelela ngokwaso asikho ngaphansi kokubuyekezwa kwezomthetho.Ngisho nasezingeni lokuphatha, ngemva kokuxazulula isikhathi eside nobuhlakani, alukho uhlelo lwezomthetho olungakhiqizwa.Isizathu silula, okungukuthi, akukho lutho olubhaliwe.
Ngikholwa ukuthi abasebenzi bakahulumeni abazinikele be-CBP abazibophezele ekuqedeni ubugqila besimanje ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla bazovuma ukuthi imithetho engcono iyadingeka.
Emkhakheni wezomthetho wesimanje wobugqila besimanje, umsebenzi ophoqelelwe, nezindaba eziphathelene namalungelo abantu, amanye amamodeli ande kuzo zonke izindawo.Umthetho waseCalifornia othi “Supply Chain Transparency Act” kanye “noMthetho Wobugqila Besimanje” omiswe izindawo eziningi zisekelwe embonweni wokuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kuyisici esingcono kakhulu sokubulala amagciwane futhi kungakhuthaza “ukuncintisana” kwezinqubo ezisimeme zechungechunge lokuhlinzeka.I-"Global Magnitsky Act" iklanywe yi-United States futhi yaziwa kabanzi njengesifanekiso sokujeziswa kwabaphula amalungelo abantu.Isisekelo salo siwukuthi amalungelo abantu anengqondo angafezeka ngokujezisa kanye nokwenqabela ukusebenzelana kwebhizinisi nabadlali ababi bangempela.inqubekela phambili.
Ukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwempahla ngempoqo kuyahambisana, kodwa kuhlukile, emthethweni wokudalula we-supply chain kanye nomthetho wezinhlawulo.Imfuneko yokuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ukuthi izimpahla ezikhiqizwa ngokuphoqelelwa azinandawo ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe.Kuthatha ngokuthi bonke abadlali bezomthetho babheka umsebenzi ophoqelelwe ngombono ofanayo wokuziphatha, futhi bayaqaphela ukuthi ukwanda komsebenzi ophoqelelwe kubangelwa ukuba khona kwabalingisi abangekho emthethweni, futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, ngoba uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka emhlabeni wonke lukhulu futhi alucacile.Iyawuchitha umbono wokuthi inkimbinkimbi noma ukungafihli kahle kuyimbangela yezinhlekelele zomuntu nezomnotho ezinganaki ukukhohlisa, ukushushumbiswa kwabantu, ukukhwabanisa nokuhlukumeza.
Ukuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwemisebenzi okuphoqelelwe okuklanywe kahle nakho kungenza lokho ubuntatheli obuphenyayo kanye nezishoshovu ze-NGO ezingakwazi: ukuphatha zonke izinhlangothi ngokulinganayo.Abathengi abathintekayo ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla emhlabeni wonke kanye nabalingisi abaholela ekuhwebeni kwemingcele baningi kakhulu kunalaba, hhayi nje amabhrendi amagama azo angase avele emibikweni yama-ejensi ashicilela izindaba noma ama-NGO.Ukusebenza ngempoqo kuyinhlekelele yomuntu, inkinga yezentengiselwano kanye neqiniso lezomnotho, futhi umthetho wokulawula ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe unekhono eliyingqayizivele lokubhekana nakho.Umthetho ungasiza ekuhlukaniseni abadlali bezomthetho ekuziphatheni okungekho emthethweni, futhi ngokunquma imiphumela yokwenqaba ukwenza kanjalo, uqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu usebenza ohlangothini olufanayo.
Labo abanecebo lokugcina bazosebenzisa umthetho ukumelana nezifo ze-supply chain (umthetho udinga i-US Securities and Exchange Commission ukuthi idalule ulwazi oluhlobene namaminerali angqubuzanayo), futhi abantu bazongabaza.Ziningi izici zokuhlolwa ngamaminerali angqubuzanayo, kodwa azifani: i-ejensi yokuphatha eklanywe ngokucophelela ngamathuluzi okulawula ukungeniswa ahlolwe isikhathi.
Ngakho-ke, yimuphi umthetho okhuthaza ukuhlonzwa nokuqedwa komsebenzi ophoqelelwe?Izincomo ezinemininingwane zingaphezu kobubanzi balesi sihloko, kodwa ngizogxila ezicini ezintathu ezibalulekile.
Okokuqala, iCongress kufanele isungule indikimba esemthethweni ukuze yenze uphenyo lwabasebenzi ngempoqo, futhi igunyaze ngokusobala iziphathimandla zokuphatha ukuthi zamukele futhi ziphenye izinsolo zokusebenza ngempoqo ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla e-United States.Kufanele isungule uhlelo lwezikhathi olusemthethweni lokuthatha izinqumo;sibeka ukuthi izinhlangothi ezifanele zinethuba lokukhipha izaziso kanye nelungelo lokulalela;futhi adale izinqubo zokuphatha ulwazi oluyimfihlo ukuze kuvikelwe imininingwane yobunikazi benkampani, noma ukuvikela izisulu ezisolisayo lapho kudingeka.Ukuphepha.
ICongress kufanele futhi icabange ukuthi ingabe uphenyo olunjalo ludinga ubuchwepheshe bamajaji omthetho wokuphatha, noma ukuthi ngabe iyiphi i-ejensi ngaphandle kwe-CBP kufanele inikele ngolwazi lwesifundo enqubweni yokuthatha izinqumo (ngokwesibonelo, i-US International Trade Commission noma i-ILAB).Kufanele kudinge ukuthi umphumela wokugcina wophenyo uwukukhipha izinqumo ezisekelwe kumarekhodi, futhi kwenziwe ukubuyekezwa okufanele kokuqondisa kokunciphisa kanye/noma kokwahlulela kwalezi zinqumo, futhi kwenziwe ukubuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi izinyathelo zokulungisa ziyaqhubeka yini zidingeke.Umthetho kufanele okungenani udingeke ukuthi unqume ukuthi ngabe kwenziwa kuphi futhi kuphi.Imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe ingase ingene e-US supply chain.Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo eqediwe engenisiwe kufanele ibe ikhambi elingenzeka.
Okwesibili, ngenxa yokuthi izimo eziholela ekusebenzeni ngempoqo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezimboni namazwe, iCongress kufanele icabangele ukwakha uchungechunge lwamakhambi angasetshenziswa ngemva kokuba izinqumo zokuqinisekisa zenziwe ezimweni ezahlukene.Isibonelo, kwezinye izimo, kungase kube usizo ukudinga izimfuneko ezithuthukisiwe zokudalula umphakeli ukuze kuvunyelwe ukulandeleka okudlula umnikezeli wokugcina noma umkhiqizi.Kwezinye izimo, lapho abantu bekholelwa ukuthi ukuqinisa imisebenzi yokuphoqelela ezimakethe zangaphandle kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile, kungase kudingeke ukuthi kuhlinzekwe izikhuthazo zengxoxo yesifunda nesifunda.Ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje yezohwebo, izinyathelo eziningi zokulungisa zingathathwa ukuze kulungiswe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zohwebo oluyinkinga, okuhlanganisa ikhono lokubopha noma ukukhipha impahla ethile evela kwamanye amazwe noma ukukhawulela inani lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.Ngenhloso yokusebenzisa iSigaba 307, eziningi zalezi zixazululo zingasebenza.
Uhlu lwezinyathelo zokulungisa ezitholakalayo kufanele lugcine ngokuphelele ukwenqatshelwa (okuphelele futhi okuphelele) kweSigaba 307 mayelana nokungeniswa kwezimpahla ezenziwe ngokuphoqwa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele livumele futhi likhuthaze amakhambi kanye nokubamba iqhaza okuqhubekayo ngisho nalapho izinkinga zezisebenzi ziphoqelelwa. kutholakele.Isibonelo, iCongress ingashintsha inhlawulo yempahla esebenzayo kanye nezinhlelo zokudalula ezisebenza emsebenzini ophoqelelwe.Lokhu kuzohlukanisa umthetho endleleni ekhona ye-WRO, ezikhathini eziningi esebenza njengohlelo lwenswinyo—ekhuthaza kuphela ukuqedwa kokusebenzelana kwebhizinisi nezinkampani eziqokiwe, futhi kungakhuthazi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinyathelo zokulungisa.
Okokugcina, futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, imithethonqubo kufanele ifake isisusa esingokwemvelo sokugcina ukuhweba okusemthethweni kuvulekile.Izinkampani ezilungiselela ukubambisana kwe-supply chain ezinesikhundla esiphambili ekuzibophezeleni komphakathi kanye nokuthenga okusimeme kufanele zikwazi ukugcina amandla azo okuhweba ukuze zithole izimpahla ngokuzibophezela.Ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokufakazela ukuthi isiteshi esinikezwayo asisebenzi ngempoqo (okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulandelela okuthuthukile ukuze kuzuzwe “iziteshi eziluhlaza” zokungenisa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka) kuyisinyathelo esinamandla sokugqugquzela esingekho ngaphansi komthetho wamanje futhi okufanele sidalwe .
Eqinisweni, imithetho ebuyekeziwe ingafinyelela ngisho neminye yale migomo, okuzothuthukisa kakhulu isimo esikhona.Ngethemba ukuthi uKhongolose we-117 kanye nababambiqhaza kuzo zonke izifunda bangabhekana nale nselelo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-01-2021