Iingxelo zamva nje malunga nengxaki yamalungelo oluntu kwingingqi ye-Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ibonisa ukuba i-United States ingoyena mthengi uphambili we-Uyghur yabasebenzi ngenkani kwimarike yehlabathi.Phantse ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ezinye zeempahla ezithengiswayo ngoku e-United States, nangona kunzima ukutsho ukuba zeziphi, zenziwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye ngama-Uyghurs kunye namanye ama-Muslim amancinci ukukhuthaza "ukufundiswa kwakhona" ngenkani e-China.
Ukujonga kuyo nayiphi na injongo kunye nenjongo, nayiphi na "imfuno" yokusebenza ngenkani kwe-Uyghur e-United States ayinanjongo.Iinkampani zaseMelika azikhangeli umsebenzi onyanzelweyo we-Uighur, kwaye azithembanga ukufumana inzuzo yezoqoqosho ngokufihlakeleyo kuyo.Abathengi baseMelika abanayo imfuno eqinisekileyo yempahla eyenziwe kusetyenziswa ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.Imingcipheko yodumo eyenziwe ngamakhonkco obonelelo anxulumene nokubulawa kohlanga okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu lubonakala lubalulekile.Nangona kunjalo, uphando kunye nohlalutyo luvelise ubungqina obuthembekileyo obudibanisa umsebenzi onyanzeliswayo we-Uyghur kunye nomsebenzi onyanzeliswayo we-Uyghur obophelela i-US supply chain.
Imfuno engeyiyo e-United States ayiyena unobangela wengxaki yeXinjiang ngokupheleleyo, kodwa iseyinjongo esemthethweni yomgaqo-nkqubo wokugcina ikhonkco lonikezelo lwase-US ngaphandle kwamakhonkco kunye nokusebenza ngenkani kwe-Uyghur.Kwakhona kwabonakala kuyingxaki edidayo.Ukusukela kwiminyaka engama-90, iSiqendu sama-307 soMthetho weRhafu ka-1930 uyakuthintela ukungeniswa kweempahla ezenziwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.Nangona kunjalo, iinyani zibonakalisile ukuba umthetho awunakukwazi ukunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukungenisa elizweni okunxulumene neXinjiang okanye phantse yonke into exhaphakileyo yokunyanzelwa komsebenzi kuqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Icandelo 307 lineziphene ezimbini eziphambili.Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba ikhonkco lonikezelo lwehlabathi lanamhlanje likhulu kwaye alibonakali, ikhonkco lekhonkco lonikezelo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi lisekhona.Umthetho okwangoku awulungiselelwe ukunceda ukwandisa ukubonakala nokucaca, nangona olu luphawu lomthetho onenzuzo eyodwa ekunyanzeliseni.Nangona iCandelo lama-307 likwazi ukusombulula ingxaki yokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi bomvelisi wokugqibela wempahla ephuma kumazwe angaphandle, kunzima ukujolisa owona msebenzi uqhelekileyo wokunyanzeliswa ngokwesiseko sekhonkco lokubonelela.Ukuba ulwakhiwo lweCandelo 307 alutshintshwanga, inani kunye nobubanzi bemisebenzi yokunyanzeliswa ngokuchasene nezinto ezinobungozi (ezifana nomqhaphu osuka eXinjiang) aziyi kusebenza ngokwenene.
Okwesibini, nangona ukusebenza ngesinyanzelo kulula ngokweenqobo zokuziphatha ukwenza isenzo sokudelela okuxhaphakileyo, kusekho imiba eyinyani nesemthethweni ekuthatheni isigqibo malunga nendlela yokuchonga kunye nokuthintela ngokusebenzayo ukungeniswa kwempahla eyenziwe ngenkani, nto leyo entsonkothileyo.Le miba ayizange izise iziphumo zorhwebo kuphela, kodwa ize nefuthe leenqobo ezisesikweni kunye nesidima esinqabileyo kwinkalo yolawulo lwezorhwebo.Kunokuthiwa kwintsimi yemimiselo yorhwebo, akukho mfuneko enkulu okanye enkulu yeenkqubo ezinobulungisa kunye neenkqubo ezinobulungisa kuneCandelo le-307.
Ingxaki e-Xinjiang icacise iziphene zeSiqendu 307 kunye nesidingo sokuguqula isakhiwo somthetho.Ngoku lixesha lokucinga ngokutsha ukuvalwa kokungeniswa kwe-US ekusebenzeni ngenkani.I-Article 307 ehlaziyiweyo inokudlala indima ekhethekileyo kwinkundla yezomthetho enxulumene nokubonelela kunye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu, kwaye lithuba lokusebenzisa ubunkokeli behlabathi phakathi kwe-United States kunye nabalingani bayo kunye naphakathi kwamaqabane.
Iinyani zibonakalise ukuba umbono wokuvalwa kokungeniswa kweempahla ezenziwe ngokunyanzeliswa uthandwa kakhulu.ICanada kunye neMexico zavuma ukukhupha izithintelo ezifanayo ngesivumelwano sase-United States-Mexico-Canada.Ityala elithelekisekayo liye laziswa kutshanje eOstreliya.Kulula ukuvuma ukuba iimpahla ezenziwe ngokunyanzeliswa azinandawo kurhwebo lwehlabathi.Ucelomngeni kukufumanisa indlela yokwenza ukuba umthetho onjalo usebenze.
Ulwimi olusebenzayo lweCandelo 307 (elifakwe kwi-19 USC §1307) lifutshane ngokumangalisayo ngamagama angama-54:
Phantsi kwezohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho, zonke izinto zorhwebo, izinto zorhwebo, izinto ezirhwetywayo kunye neempahla ezembiwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye, eziveliswe okanye zenziwe kumazwe angaphandle ngokugwetyelwa umsebenzi ogwetyiweyo okanye/okanye umsebenzi onyanzelweyo okanye/kunye nomsebenzi wekhontrakthi azinalungelo lokungena kulo naliphi na izibuko kwaye azivumelekanga. ukusuka ekungeniseni eUnited States, [.]
Ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo, ngokupheleleyo.Ayifuni nayiphi na imilinganiselo yonyanzeliso eyongezelelweyo, okanye nayiphi na eminye imimiselo esebenzayo kwinto ethile.Ngokobuchwephesha, i-latitude kunye ne-longitude azichazwanga.Imeko kuphela eyenza ukuphunyezwa kokuvalwa kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kukusetyenziswa kokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi ekuveliseni iimpahla.Ukuba iimpahla zenziwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, iimpahla zisenokungangeniswa ngokusemthethweni eUnited States.Ukuba ukuphulwa kwesithintelo kufunyenwe, kuya kuba sisiseko sezohlwayo zoluntu okanye zolwaphulo-mthetho.
Ke ngoko, kumxholo weXinjiang, iCandelo lama-307 libeka phambili isiphakamiso esinomdla nesilula.Ukuba imeko yaseXinjiang ilingana nokusebenza ngenkani, kwaye yonke okanye inxalenye yayo yenziwa ngumsebenzi onjalo, akukho mthethweni ukungenisa ezi mpahla eUnited States.Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, phambi kokuba iinyani zaseXinjiang zibhalwe ngokupheleleyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubuze ukuba ingaba iinkqubo zentlalo ezifakwe e-Xinjiang zenza umsebenzi onyanzelweyo.Noko ke, loo mzuzu udlulile.Ekuphela kweqela eliqinisekisa ukuba akukho msebenzi unyanzelwayo eXinjiang liQela lamaKomanisi lase China.
Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba "ukuvalwa" kokunyanzeliswa kokungangeniswa kwemisebenzi kunyanzeliswa yimimiselo ngokwayo, kwaye akubangelwa yiyiphi na amanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kwe-US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).Phantse kuzo zonke iingxelo ze-CBP ye-CBP yemiyalelo yokukhululwa yokubamba (WRO) yamva nje yomqhaphu neetumato e-Xinjiang kunye nomqhaphu oveliswe yiXinjiang Production and Construction Corps, lo mqhaphu uphantse wanyamalala.Ezi WRO phantse zichazwa jikelele njengezenzo “zokuthintela” ukungeniswa kwempahla enjalo, nangona zingazange zenjenjalo.I-CBP ngokwayo yachaza ukuba “i-WRO ayisosithintelo”.
Isenzeko esikwafana naso siphinde savela xa kunikwa ingxelo naxa kulungiswa uMthetho woThintelo lwezaBasebenzi lwase-Uyghur (UFLPA).Umthetho ocetywayo kwiNkongolo ye-116 kwaye ngoku ungeniswe kwakhona kwiNkongolo yangoku uya kuseka ukucinga okungenakuphikiswa ukuba zonke iimpahla ezivela kwi-Xinjiang okanye i-Uyghurs ziveliswe kwenye yeenkqubo zentlalo eziphikisanayo.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na, badalwa ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi..Iimpawu ze-UFLPA azichanekanga.Ibeka “ukuvalwa” kwezinto zeXinjiang, kodwa eneneni ayikwenzi oko.Kuyafuneka ukuba abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle "bangqine iinyani" kwaye "balungelelanise ngobuxoki umthwalo wobungqina kunye nenyani".Into ethengwe kumazwe angaphandle esuka eXinjiang ayinyanzelwa ukuba isetyenziswe." Andizu.
Ezi ayizongxaki zingenamsebenzi.Ukungaqondi kakuhle i-WRO njengokuvalwa okanye ukuchaza i-UFLPA njengesidingo sokudlulisa umthwalo wobungqina kwiinkampani ezithumela ngaphandle akuyi kuqondwa kakuhle into enokwenziwa ngumthetho, kodwa noko kungenakukwenziwa.Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, abantu kufuneka bangayiqondi kakuhle.esebenzayo.Ukuvalwa komsebenzi okunyanzeliswayo kumazwe angaphandle kubangela umngeni omkhulu wonyanzeliso lomthetho, ngakumbi eXinjiang, apho uninzi lwabasebenzi ngenkani lwenzeka nzulu kwikhonkco lobonelelo.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-CBP nge-WRO ebanzi akunako ukuyoyisa le mingeni, kodwa iya kuyenza mandundu.I-UFLPA inokuphumeza izinto ezibalulekileyo, kodwa ayiyi kunceda, ukujongana nemingeni engundoqo yokuthotyelwa komthetho.
Yintoni i-WRO, ukuba ayingokuvalwa?Le yintelekelelo.Ngokungakumbi, lo ngumyalelo wenkqubo wangaphakathi wokuba i-CBP ifumanise izizathu ezibambekayo zokukrokrela ukuba udidi oluthile okanye uhlobo oluthile lweempahla lwaveliswa kusetyenziswa abantu abanyanzelwa ukuba basebenze ngokunyanzelwa ukuba bangeniswe eUnited States, yaza yayalela umphathi wezibuko ukuba akuvalele ukuthunyelwa kwezo mpahla .I-CBP icinga ukuba ezo mpahla zezomsebenzi wesinyanzelo.Ukuba umntu ongenisa impahla evela kumazwe angaphandle uzivalela iimpahla phantsi kwe-WRO, umrhwebi unokungqina ukuba iimpahla ezo aziqulathanga udidi lwempahla okanye udidi oluchazwe kwi-WRO (ngamanye amazwi, i-CBP iyakuthintela ukuthunyelwa ngokungafanelekanga), okanye iimpahla ziqulathe udidi oluchaziweyo okanye udidi lweempahla , Ezi mpahla azenziwanga kusetyenziswa abantu abanyanzelwayo (ngamanye amazwi, ukucingela kwe-CBP akulunganga).
Indlela ye-WRO ikulungele ukujongana nezityholo zokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi ngabavelisi bemveliso yokugqibela, kodwa xa isetyenziselwa ukujolisa ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi okwenzeka nzulu kwikhonkco lokubonelela, indlela ye-WRO iyamiselwa ngokukhawuleza.Umzekelo, ukuba i-CBP ikrokrela ukuba i-Company X isebenzisa abasebenzi basentolongweni ukudibanisa iinxalenye ezincinci e-China, inokukhupha umyalelo kwaye imise ngokuthembekileyo yonke ibhetshi yeenxalenye ezincinci ezenziwe yiNkampani X. kunye nomvelisi (inkampani X).Nangona kunjalo, i-CBP ayinakukwazi ukusebenzisa ngokusemthethweni i-WRO njengephulo lokuloba, oko kukuthi, ukuvalela iimpahla ukuze kubonwe ukuba zinazo na iindidi okanye iintlobo zeempahla ezichazwe kwi-WRO.Xa i-Customs and Border Protection Bureau ijolise kwiimveliso ezinzulu kwikhonkco lonikezelo (ezifana nomqhaphu eXinjiang), akukho lula ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iimpahla eziqulathe iindidi ezichongiweyo okanye iintlobo zeempahla kwaye ke azikho ngaphakathi kobubanzi be-WRO.
Le yingxaki yokwenyani ekulweni umsebenzi onyanzelwayo, owenzeka naphi na ngaphandle kwenqanaba lokuqala lonikezelo, oko kukuthi, ukusebenza ngenkani kusetyenziswa nguye nabani na okwikhonkco lokubonelela ngaphandle komenzi wokugqibela wemveliso yokugqibela .Oku kulishwa, kuba uninzi lwamakhonkco okunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi kwikhonkco lokubonelela elibotshelelwe eUnited States linzulu kunenqanaba lokuqala lokubonelela.Ezi zibandakanya iimveliso eziye zacutshungulwa kancinci ngaphambi kokuba zithengiswe kwamanye amazwe kodwa zirhweba njengempahla kwaye ngenxa yoko ziphulukane nobuwena ngoko nangoko emva kokuvuna, ezifana neemveliso ezifana nekoko, ikofu kunye neepepile.Kukwabandakanya izinto zorhwebo eziye zadlula kwizigaba ezininzi zokwenziwa kwemveliso ngaphambi kokuba zithengiswe kumazwe angaphandle, ezifana nempahla enjengomqhaphu, ioli yesundu kunye necobalt.
I-International Labour Affairs Bureau (ILAB) ipapashe uluhlu lweemveliso ezaziwa ngurhulumente wase-US ukuba zenziwe ngokusebenza ngenkani kunye nokuqeshwa kwabantwana.Inguqulelo yamva nje yoluhlu ichongiwe malunga ne-119 yeemveliso zelizwe indibaniselwano ezaveliswa phantsi kokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.Ezinye zezi mveliso zinokuveliswa kusetyenziswa umsebenzi onyanzelweyo kwinqanaba lokugqibela lomvelisi (njengezinto zombane, iimpahla okanye iikhaphethi), kodwa uninzi lwazo lungena eMelika ngokungangqalanga.
Ukuba i-CBP ifuna ukusebenzisa i-WRO ukunqanda umqhaphu osuka e-Xinjiang ekubeni ungawugxothi umqhaphu e-Xinjiang, kufuneka kuqala yazi ukuba zeziphi iimpahla ezinomqhaphu we-Xinjiang.Akukho nto isemgangathweni yogcino-lwazi enokusetyenziswa yi-CBP ukunceda ukuvala esi sikhewu.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo ubunyani bobonelelo ngelaphu lehlabathi, i-US Customs kunye noKhuseleko lweBorder alukwazi ukucinga ukuba zonke iimpahla zaseTshayina eziqulathe umqhaphu zenziwe nge-Xinjiang cotton.I-China ikwalelona lizwe lithenga kumazwe angaphandle i-cotton fiber.Inani elikhulu leengubo zomqhaphu ezenziwe eTshayina zinokwenziwa kumqhaphu oveliswe eUnited States.Ngesizathu esifanayo, umqhaphu oveliswe eXinjiang unokuphothwa ube yimisonto, emva koko ulukwe ube ngamalaphu, kwaye ekugqibeleni ungene eUnited States ngendlela yeengubo ezigqityiweyo ezivela eUnited States, Turkey, Honduras, okanye Bangladesh.
Oku kubonisa kakuhle “isiphene” sokuqala kwicandelo 307 elicatshulwe ngasentla.Ukuba wonke umqhaphu ovela eXinjiang usengozini yokuveliswa ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, ngoko ke amashumi eebhiliyoni zeerandi emveliso egqityiweyo enomqhaphu inokuthunyelwa ngokungekho mthethweni eUnited States.Umqhaphu oveliswe eXinjiang uqikelelwa ukuba uya kubalelwa kwi-15-20% yobonelelo lomqhaphu kwihlabathi.Nangona kunjalo, akukho mntu uyazi ukuba yiyiphi imveliso eyenziweyo elawulwa ngumthetho, kuba ukugqiba umthombo wemicu yekotoni kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle akuyona imfuneko yokungenisa.Uninzi lwabarhwebi kumazwe angaphandle abalazi ilizwe lemvelaphi yeentsinga zomqhaphu kwisixokelelwano sabo sokubonelela, kwaye i-US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) iyazi nangaphantsi.Ekugqibeleni, oku kuthetha ukuba ukufunyanwa kweemveliso ezenziwe kwi-Xinjiang cotton luhlobo lwentelekelelo.
Yintoni i-UFLPA?Njengesisombululo kumngeni wokunyanzeliswa kweCandelo lama-307 ngokuchasene neXinjiang, kuthekani nge-UFLPA?Le yenye intelekelelo.Ngokwenyani, oku kufana neWRO esemthethweni.I-UFLPA iyakucingela ukuba naziphi na iimpahla ezivela ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye eXinjiang, kunye nazo naziphi na iimpahla eziveliswe ngabasebenzi baseUyghur ezinxulumene neenkqubo zentlalo ezixhalabisayo eTshayina, nokuba zikuphi na, kufuneka zenziwe ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.Njengo-WRO, ukuba umngenisi kumazwe angaphandle uvalela ibhetshi yempahla ngokurhanelwa ngokusebenza ngenkani emva kokuba i-UFLPA iqalile ukusebenza (isenkulu “ukuba”), umrhwebi angazama ukungqina ukuba iimpahla azikho kumda (kuba azikho okanye azikho imvelaphi).Iimveliso ezenziwe e-Xinjiang okanye e-Uyghurs), nokuba imveliso yavela e-Xinjiang okanye yenziwa ngama-Uyghurs, akusetyenziswa ngenkani.Inguqulelo ye-UFLPA, ephinde yaziswa kule Nkongolo nguSenator uMarco Rubio, iqulethe eminye imimiselo emininzi enomdla, kubandakanywa nesigunyaziso esicacileyo se-CBP sokuphuhlisa imithetho ngakumbi, kunye nophuhliso lonyanzeliso ngegalelo elivela kuluntu kunye ne-arhente yomanyano oluninzi.Nangona kunjalo, ngokusisiseko, izibonelelo ezisebenzayo zalo mthetho uyilwayo ziseziingqikelelo ezisemthethweni kwiimveliso eziveliswe ngabasebenzi baseXinjiang okanye baseUyghur.
Nangona kunjalo, i-UFLPA ayizukusombulula nayiphi na imingeni engundoqo yonyanzeliso lwezorhwebo oluziswe yingxaki yaseXinjiang.Lo mthetho uyilwayo awuzukwenza ukuba i-US Customs kunye noKhuseleko lweBorder ibone ngcono ukuba iimveliso ezenziwe e-Xinjiang okanye i-Uighurs zingena kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-US.Amakhonkco okubonelela amakhulu kunye ne-opaque aya kuqhubeka ephazamisa izigqibo zokuthotyelwa komthetho.Lo mthetho uyilwayo awukuthinteli ukungeniswa ngaphandle kokungeniswa ngaphandle kokungavunyelwayo kwe-Xinjiang, kwaye awutshintshi ngokusisiseko uxanduva lwabarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle be-Xinjiang-imvelaphi okanye iimpahla ezenziwe ngesi-Uyghur.Ngaphandle kokuba ivalelwe, ayisayi “kugqithisela” umthwalo wobungqina, okanye inike imephu yendlela yokwandisa ukuvalelwa.Inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yorhwebo engachazwanga kunye nokusebenza ngenkani kwe-Uyghur kuya kuqhubeka.
Nangona kunjalo, i-UFLPA iya kufezekisa injongo enye efanelekileyo.I-China iyakhanyela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba isicwangciso sayo sentlalontle se-Xinjiang Uyghurs silingana nokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi.Emehlweni amaTshayina, ezi zizicombululo zokuphelisa intlupheko nokulwa nobunqolobi.I-UFLPA iya kucacisa indlela i-United States ijonga ngayo iinkqubo zokucupha kunye nengcinezelo ecwangcisiweyo, efana nendlela umthetho we-2017 ukhuphe ngayo ukucingelwa okufanayo kumsebenzi waseNyakatho Korea.Ingaba oku kukuzimisela kwezopolitiko okanye ukuvakalisa nje iinyani ngokwembono ye-United States, le yinkcazo enamandla eyenziwe yiCongress kunye noMongameli kwaye akufanele ilahlwe ngokukhawuleza.
Ukususela ekubeni isihlomelo somthetho sika-2016 sasusa imikroba ekudala ikho kwiCandelo 307, kwaye i-CBP yaqala ukunyanzelisa umthetho emva kokunqunyanyiswa kweminyaka engama-20, amava amaninzi abandakanyekayo ekunyanzelisweni kweCandelo 307 aye angalingani. .Uluntu lwamashishini angaphandle luphazamiseke kakhulu ziinkqubo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nezenzo ezinokuthi zijongele phantsi urhwebo lwabasebenzi olusemthethweni olunganyanzelwanga.Abachaphazelekayo abanqwenela ukomeleza ukuthotyelwa komthetho baphoxekile kukulibaziseka ekuthotyelweni komthetho, kwaye inani lilonke lezenzo zonyanzeliso ezithathiweyo lincinci kakhulu, ezinye zazo zicuthene ngendlela emangalisayo.Imeko e-Xinjiang lolona phuhliso lwamva nje, nangona ikwayeyona nto inomtsalane, ukuqaqambisa iintsilelo zeCandelo lama-307.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinzame zokusombulula ezi ntsilelo zijolise ekuthungeni nasekuthungeni izinto ezincinci: umzekelo, iqela labasebenzi abaphakathi kwee-arhente liye lasekwa ukuze kuphuhliswe isicwangciso sokuphunyezwa kweCandelo 307, kwaye ingxelo ye-Ofisi ye-Accountability Government yaseMelika yacebisa ukuba i-CBP ibonelele. Izibonelelo ezithe kratya kunye nezicwangciso eziphuculweyo zabasebenzi, kwakunye nezindululo zekomiti yeengcebiso yecandelo labucala kwi-CBP, ukunciphisa izityholo ezinokuthi zibe kho ngokunyanzeliswa emsebenzini kwaye kwenziwe utshintsho oluluncedo kwimimiselo yerhafu.Ukuba ibhengezwe, inguqulo ye-UFLPA esandul 'ukuqaliswa kwakhona kwi-117th Congress iya kuba yinguqu enkulu kakhulu kwiCandelo 307 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwazo zonke iinkxalabo ezifanelekileyo malunga neSiqendu 307, akukho nkxalabo encinci malunga nemimiselo ngokwayo.Nangona umthetho ukwalela ukungeniswa kwazo zonke okanye zonke iimpahla ezenziwe ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, umthetho ngokwawo unamandla, kodwa umthetho ngokwawo usafuna ukulungiswa ngokutsha.
Ekubeni iCandelo 307 lisithintelo sokungenisa elizweni, imimiselo yezithethe ephunyezwayo lo mthetho ibekwe ngendlela ehlekisayo phakathi kokuvalwa kokungeniswa kwezinye izitampu ezingeyonyani kunye nemiboniso bhanyabhanya engcolileyo (ngokoqobo uhlobo lwempahla oyibonayo ), ukutolika iNkundla ePhakamileyo uJustice Potter Stewart ( Potter Stewart).Nangona kunjalo, ngokubonakalayo nangokwasemthethweni, akukho mahluko phakathi kweempahla ezenziwe ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kunye neempahla ezenziwe ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.Nokuba ukubekwa kwemigaqo kubonakala kuthetha ukuba imodeli yecandelo 307 ayilunganga.
Ukuba kuyinyani ukuba uxhulumaniso phakathi kwamakhonkco okubonelela ngehlabathi kunye nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kuyaqhubeka ngenxa yekhonkco elikhulu kunye ne-opaque yokubonelela, ngoko ke imithetho efuna ukubonakala kwekhonkco lokubonelela kunye nokucaca iluncedo kakhulu ekupheliseni ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.Ngethamsanqa, inani elikhulu lemizekelo yemimiselo yokungenisa elizweni libonisa indlela yokwenza oku kwezinye iimeko, ngempumelelo enkulu.
Xa sithetha ngokusisiseko, ukubeka iliso kukungenisa elizweni lulwazi kuphela.Abangenisi bafunwa ngumthetho ukuba baqokelele olu lwazi kwaye balubhengeze kumagosa aseburhulumenteni, kunye nomsebenzi owenziwe ngamagosa amasiko bodwa okanye ngokubambisana neengcali zemiba evela kwezinye ii-arhente ukuvavanya ukuchaneka kolwazi olunjalo kunye nokuqinisekisa Ngeziphumo ezifanelekileyo. .
Imimiselo yokungenisa elizweni isoloko isuka ekumiselweni kwemida yeemveliso ezithile ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle ezineendlela ezithile zomngcipheko, kwakunye nokubeka imiqathango yokungeniswa kwempahla enjalo ukuze kuncitshiswe imingcipheko enjalo.Ngokomzekelo, ukutya okuvela kumazwe angaphandle kungumthombo onokuba yingozi kwimpilo yabathengi.Ke ngoko, imimiselo efana noKutya, iziyobisi, kunye noMthetho wokuCosmetic kunye noMthetho woKhuseleko loKutya, olawulwa yi-US Food and Drug Administration kwaye unyanzeliswe yi-US Customs kunye noKhuseleko lweBorder kumda, ubeka imiqathango ethile ekungenisweni kokutya okugqunyiweyo. .Le mithetho imisela imithetho eyahlukeneyo yeemveliso ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kumngcipheko.
Abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle kufuneka babazise kwangaphambili ukuba bajonge ukungenisa ukutya okuthile, bafake iilebhile zeemveliso ngemigangatho ethile, okanye baqokelele kwaye bagcine amaxwebhu angqina ukuba izibonelelo zemveliso yokutya yangaphandle iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko yase-US.Indlela efanayo ithathwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba zonke izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezivela kwiileyibhile zejezi (imithetho yokubhala umxholo wefayibha phantsi koMthetho weTela kunye noBoya olawulwa yi-Federal Trade Commission) kwinkunkuma enobungozi (imithetho kunye nemimiselo elawulwa yi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo) ihlangabezana neemfuno.
Njengoko iCandelo lama-307 lithintela ubunqunu obuneempawu ezingama-54, akukho mfuneko yasemthethweni malunga neemeko ezisisinyanzelo zokungeniswa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ukwenzela ukusebenza ngenkani.Urhulumente akaqokeleli ulwazi olusisiseko malunga neempahla ezinomngcipheko owaziwayo wokusetyenzwa ngenkani, kwaye akafuni nokuba umntu ongenisa impahla ngaphandle atsho ngokucacileyo ukuba “le nqanawa ayizange iqhutywe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye ngokunyanzelwa komsebenzi.”Akukho fomu yokuzalisa, akukho bhokisi yokutshekisha, akukho Lwazi lokudiza.
Ukungaphumeleli ukucacisa i-Article 307 njengendlela yokulawula ukungeniswa kwempahla kunemiphumo ekhethekileyo.Ngokunyuka koxinzelelo kwi-CBP yokunyanzelisa umthetho, i-US Customs kudala iyenye yeenjini zedatha ezibalulekileyo zorhulumente wase-US.Inokuthembela kuphela kububele babantu abangabaziyo ukufumana ulwazi olunxulumene nezigqibo ezibambekayo ekufuneka izenze.Oku akukona nje ukugqiba apho kugxininise khona ukuthotyelwa komthetho we-arhente kuqala, kwaye emva koko kuphunyezwe izenzo zokuthotyelwa komthetho ngokuchasene nempahla yangempela.
Ngenxa yokungabikho kwendlela yokuqwalasela izityholo zokusetyenzwa ngenkani nobungqina obunxulumene noko, kwinkqubo eselubala, esekwe kwirekhodi, i-CBP iye yabhenela kubuhlakani nemibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente (NGOs) ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nokusebenza ngenkani, kwaye amagosa e-CBP aye akwenza oko. Ukuya eThailand nakwamanye amazwe.Qonda ingxaki ngokuthe ngqo.Amalungu angoku eNkongolo sele eqalisile ukubhala iileta eziya kwi-US Customs and Border Protection, ephawula amanqaku anomdla malunga nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi abawafundileyo, kwaye bafuna inyathelo lokuthotyelwa.Kodwa kumsebenzi wezi NGOs, iintatheli, kunye namalungu eCongress, akucaci ukuba i-CBP iluqokelela njani ulwazi olufunekayo ukuphumeza iSiqendu 307.
Njengomqathango omtsha wokungenisa elizweni, ukucacisa ngokutsha ukuvalwa komsebenzi ngenkani njengohlobo lolawulo lokungenisa elizweni kunokumisela iimfuno zemveliso yolwazi enxulumene nemiba yabasebenzi ngenkani.Njengoko kusenzeka, i-CBP sele iqalisile ukuchonga iindidi ezininzi zolwazi ezinokuthi zibe luncedo kuphando lwabasebenzi ngenkani.Ikakhulu ngenxa yentsebenziswano ezinzileyo phakathi kwe-CBP neenkokeli zoshishino.I-CBP ifumanise ukuba umzobo obanzi wekhonkco lobonelelo, ingcaciso yendlela yokuthengwa kwabasebenzi kwinqanaba ngalinye lekhonkco lonikezelo, imigaqo-nkqubo yoxanduva loshishino lwentlalontle kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha yobonelelo lunokusetyenziswa njengeereferensi.Inceda ukwazisa izigqibo zophumezo.
I-CBP sele iqalisile nokuthumela iikhweshine kubarhwebi abacela amaxwebhu anjalo, nangona okwangoku kungekho mthetho umisela ukuba la maxwebhu abe ngumqathango wokungenisa elizweni.Ngokutsho kwe-19 USC § 1509 (a) (1) (A), i-CBP igcina uluhlu lwazo zonke iirekhodi abathumeli bangaphandle abanokufuneka ukuba bazigcine, ezingabandakanywanga njengemiqathango yokungenisa.I-CBP ingasoloko isenza izicelo, kwaye abanye abathumeli bangaphandle banokuzama ukuvelisa isiqulatho esiluncedo, kodwa de ibe iSiqendu 307 sihlaziywa ngokwemigaqo yemigaqo yokungenisa elizweni, impendulo kwezi zicelo iya kuba sisenzo sokuthembeka.Kwanabo bakulungeleyo ukwabelana nabanye basenokungabi nalwazi umthetho ongafuni ukuba babe nalo.
Ngokombono wokwandisa uluhlu lwamaxwebhu afunekayo okungenisa elizweni ukuze aquke imizobo yonikezelo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yequmrhu lentlalontle, okanye ukunika i-CBP igunya elingakumbi lokuvalelwa lokuzingela umqhaphu waseXinjiang okanye ezinye izinto zorhwebo ezenziwe ngenkani, isisombululo esilula sinokufunyanwa.Nangona kunjalo, isisombululo esinjalo sinokungawuhoyi owona mceli mngeni ungundoqo wokuyila isithintelo sokungeniswa kwabasebenzi ngenkani esisebenzayo, esithatha isigqibo ngeyona ndlela yokusombulula imiba eyinyani nesemthethweni ebandakanya imibuzo enyanzelwayo yabasebenzi.
Amaqiniso kunye nemiba yomthetho kumxholo wokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kunzima ukuyisombulula, njengayo nayiphi na ingxaki efunyenwe kwintsimi yokulawula ukungenisa elizweni, kodwa umdla obandakanyekayo uphezulu kakhulu, kwaye kunye nentsingiselo yokuziphatha kunye nodumo, akukho ndawo efanayo.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokongamela kwamanye amazwe ziphakamisa imiba entsonkothileyo yenyani kunye nomthetho.Umzekelo, i-US Customs and Border Protection yahlula njani xa iimpahla ezisuka kwamanye amazwe zifumene inkxaso-mali engafanelekanga koorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, umonakalo kwimizi-mveliso yasekhaya, kunye nexabiso elifanelekileyo lenkxaso-mali enjalo?Xa i-CBP ivula isikhongozeli esinebhola kwi-Port of Los Angeles/Long Beach, iibheringi zebhola ezibonelelwa ngokungafanelekanga zifana ncakasana neebheringi zebhola ezithengiswa ngokufanelekileyo.
Impendulo kukuba umthetho werhafu we-anti-subsidy owawiswa ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 (owamkelwa luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo njengethempleyithi yemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe elawula umthetho werhafu) ufuna amaziko anolwazi amkele iinkqubo zokumangalelana ezisekelwe kubungqina kwaye amkele. iinkqubo zokumangala ezisekelwe kubungqina.Rekhoda isigwebo esibhaliweyo kwaye wamkele ulawulo olufanelekileyo.Uphononongo.Ngaphandle kolwakhiwo olufanelekileyo lolawulo olusekwe ngemithetho ebhaliweyo, ezi ngxaki ziyinyani nezisemthethweni ziya kusonjululwa phantsi kweengcambu zentetho engacacanga kunye nentando yezopolitiko.
Ukwahlula iimpahla eziveliswe ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kwezo ziveliswe ngabasebenzi abanobulungisa kufuna ubuncinci iinyani ezinzima kunye nezigqibo zomthetho njengalo naliphi na ityala eliphikisayo lerhafu, nokunye.Kuphi kanye kanye ukuba kusetyenziswe isinyanzelo kwaye yazi njani i-CBP?Uphi umgca phakathi kwabasebenzi abaneengxaki ezinzulu kuphela kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi ngokwenene?Urhulumente ugweba njani ukuba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kunye nekhonkco lokubonelela elibotshelelwe eUnited States?Abaphandi kunye nabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo bagqiba njani xa kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo acacileyo amayeza okanye xa kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo abanzi?Ukuba ngaba i-CBP okanye umntu ongenisa impahla kweli ngaphandle kwelizwe akanakungqina ngokuchanekileyo ingxaki yokusetyenziswa ngesinyanzelo, siya kuba yintoni isiphumo?
Uluhlu luyaqhubeka.Yeyiphi imigangatho yobungqina yokuthatha amanyathelo okunyanzelisa?Yeyiphi into ethunyelwayo ekufuneka ivalelwe?Bubuphi ubungqina obufanele ukuba banele ukufumana ukukhululwa?Mangaphi amanyathelo okulungisa afunekayo phambi kokuba ukuthotyelwa komthetho kuyekiswe okanye kupheliswe?Urhulumente uqinisekisa njani ukuba iimeko ezifanayo ziphathwa ngokulinganayo?
Ngoku, umbuzo ngamnye kule mibuzo uphendulwa yi-CBP kuphela.Kwinkqubo esekwe kwirekhodi, akukho namnye kubo onokusonjululwa.Xa kuqhutywa uphando kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okuqinisekisa, amaqela achaphazelekayo akayi kwaziswa kwangaphambili, athathelwe ingqalelo kwiimbono ezichaseneyo okanye akhuphe naziphi na izizathu ezivakalayo zesenzo ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kweendaba.Akukho saziso sinikezelweyo kwaye akukho zimvo zifunyenweyo.Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba bubuphi na ubungqina obaneleyo bokuphumeza umyalelo, ukurhoxiswa komyalelo okanye ukuwugcina usendaweni.Isigqibo sokunyanzeliswa ngokwaso asixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kuphononongo lwenkundla.Nakwinqanaba lolawulo, emva kokuhlala ixesha elide nangobulumko, akukho nkqubo yomthetho inokuveliswa.Isizathu silula, oko kukuthi, akukho nto ibhaliweyo.
Ndikholelwa ekubeni abasebenzi bakarhulumente abazinikeleyo be-CBP abazibophelele ekupheliseni ubukhoboka bale mihla kwikhonkco lokubonelela baya kuvuma ukuba imithetho ebhetele iyafuneka.
Kwiqela lezomthetho langoku lobukhoboka bale mihla, ukusebenza ngesinyanzelo, kunye nemiba enxulumene namalungelo oluntu, ezinye iimodeli ziye zanda kuzo zonke iindawo."UMthetho wokuSebenza ngokuNgafihli weChayini yoBonelelo" kunye "noMthetho wobukhoboka banamhlanje" owiswe yimimandla emininzi yolawulo usekwe kwingcinga yokuba ukukhanya kwelanga sesona sibulali ntsholongwane kwaye kunokukhuthaza "ukukhuphisana" kweendlela ezizinzileyo zobonelelo.I-"Global Magnitsky Act" iyilwe yi-United States kwaye yamkelwa ngokubanzi njengethempleyithi yezohlwayo ngokuchasene nabanyhashi bamalungelo oluntu.Isiseko sayo sesokuba amalungelo oluntu anentsingiselo anokufezekiswa ngokohlwaya kunye nokuthintela ukusebenzelana kwezoshishino nabenzi-bubi bokwenene.inkqubela.
Ukuvalwa kokungeniswa okunyanzeliswayo kwabasebenzi kuyahambelana, kodwa kwahlukile, kumthetho wokubhengeza isixokelelwano sobonelelo kunye nomthetho wezohlwayo.Imfuneko yokuvalwa kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kukuba iimpahla ezenziwe ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi azinandawo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.Ithatha ukuba bonke abadlali bezomthetho bajonga ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kwimbono efanayo yokuziphatha, kwaye bayaqaphela ukuba ukwanda komsebenzi onyanzeliswayo kubangelwa ubukho babadlali abangekho mthethweni, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba i-global supply chain inkulu kwaye i-opaque.Iyayikhaba ingcamango yokuba ukuntsonkotha okanye ukungafihli nto kungunobangela weentlekele zoluntu kunye nezoqoqosho ezingahoyiyo inkohliso, ukurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, ukunganyaniseki kunye nokuxhatshazwa.
Isithintelo esiqulunqwe ngokufanelekileyo esisisinyanzelo sokungeniswa kwabasebenzi sinako ukwenza oko ubuntatheli bophando kunye namatsha ntliziyo e-NGO angenako: ukuphatha onke amaqela ngokulinganayo.Abathengi ababandakanyekayo kwi-global supply chain kunye nabalingisi abakhokelela ekurhwebeni kwe-cross-border baninzi kakhulu kunalezi, kungekhona nje iimpawu ezinokuthi zivele kwiingxelo zee-arhente zokushicilela iindaba okanye ii-NGOs.Ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi yintlekele yomntu, ingxaki yorhwebo kunye nenyaniso yezoqoqosho, kwaye umthetho wolawulo lokungenisa impahla unamandla awodwa okujongana nawo.Umthetho unokunceda ekuhleleni abadlali bezomthetho ekuziphatheni okungekho mthethweni, kwaye ngokumisela iziphumo zokwala ukwenza njalo, uqinisekise ukuba wonke umntu usebenza kwicala elifanayo.
Abo baneendlela zokugqibela baya kusebenzisa umthetho ukuxhathisa izifo ze-supply chain (umthetho ufuna i-US Securities and Exchange Commission iveze ulwazi olunxulumene nezimbiwa eziphikisanayo), kwaye abantu baya kuba namathandabuzo.Kukho imiba emininzi yovavanyo lwezimbiwa eziphikisanayo, kodwa aziyonto inye: i-arhente yolawulo eyenziwe ngononophelo kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ukungeniswa ngaphandle kwexesha elivavanywayo.
Ngoko ke, nguwuphi umthetho okhuthaza ukuchongwa nokupheliswa komsebenzi onyanzelwayo?Iingcebiso ezinzulu zingaphaya komgangatho weli nqaku, kodwa ndiza kugxila kwizinto ezintathu eziphambili.
Okokuqala, iNkongolo kufuneka iseke iqumrhu elisemthethweni ukuba liqhube uphando lwezabasebenzi ngenkani, kwaye ligunyazise ngokucacileyo abasemagunyeni bolawulo ukuba bamkele kwaye baphande izityholo zokunyanzeliswa kwabasebenzi kwikhonkco lokubonelela eUnited States.Kufuneka iseke ithayimthebhile esemthethweni yokwenziwa kwezigqibo;chaza ukuba amaqela achaphazelekayo anethuba lokukhupha izaziso kunye nelungelo lokuva;kunye nokwenza iinkqubo zokuphatha ulwazi oluyimfihlo ukukhusela idatha yobunikazi benkampani, okanye ukukhusela amaxhoba akrokrelekayo xa kuyimfuneko.Ukhuseleko.
ICongress kufuneka kwakhona ithathele ingqalelo ukuba olo phando lufuna ubuchule beejaji zomthetho, okanye ukuba nayiphi na i-arhente engeyiyo i-CBP kufuneka ifake igalelo ngobuchule besifundo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwezigqibo (umzekelo, i-US International Trade Commission okanye i-ILAB).Kufuneka ifune ukuba isiphumo sokugqibela sophando kukukhupha izigqibo ezisekelwe kwiirekhodi, kunye nokwenza uphononongo olufanelekileyo lolawulo oluthotyiweyo kunye/okanye lomthetho kwezi zigqibo, kwaye kwenziwe uphononongo lwamaxesha athile ukuqwalasela ukuba amanyathelo okulungisa ayaqhubeka efuneka.Umthetho kufuneka ubuncinci ufune ukumisela ukuba ngaba kwaye kuphi na apho abantu basebenza ngesinyanzelo.Iimveliso eziveliswe ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi zinokungena kwikhonkco lonikezelo lwase-US.Ngoko ke, iimveliso ezigqityiweyo ezivela kumazwe angaphandle kufuneka zibe lunyango olunokwenzeka.
Okwesibini, ngenxa yokuba iimeko ezikhokelela ekusebenzeni ngokunyanzeliswa zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamashishini kunye namazwe, iCongress kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo ukuqulunqa uluhlu lwezonyango ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe emva kokuba izigqibo eziqinisekisiweyo zenziwe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.Umzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, kunokuba luncedo ukufuna iimfuno eziphuculweyo zokubhengeza ukuze kuvumeleke ukulandeleka ngaphaya komboneleli wokugqibela okanye umenzi.Kwezinye iimeko, xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba ukuqinisa imisebenzi yonyanzeliso kwiimarike zangaphandle likhonkco eliphambili, kunokuba yimfuneko ukubonelela ngenkuthazo kwingxoxo ye-state-to-state.Phantsi kwemithetho yangoku yokurhweba, amanyathelo okulungisa amaninzi anokuthathwa ukulungisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo oluyingxaki, kuquka ukukwazi ukuvalela okanye ukukhuphela ngaphandle impahla ethile evela kumazwe angaphandle okanye ukukhawulela ubuninzi bokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.Ngenjongo yokuphumeza iCandelo 307, uninzi lwala mayeza anokusebenza.
Uluhlu lwamanyathelo okulungisa akhoyo kufuneka lugcine ngokupheleleyo uthintelo (olupheleleyo nolupheleleyo) lweSiqendu 307 malunga nokungeniswa kwempahla eyenziwe ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka ivumele kwaye ikhuthaze izilungiso kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba okuqhubekayo naxa iingxaki zomsebenzi zinyanzeliswa. yabhaqwa.Umzekelo, iCongress inokuguqula izohlwayo zamasiko ezisebenzayo kunye neenkqubo zokubhengeza ezisebenza ngokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi.Oku kuya kwahlula umthetho kwindlela ekhoyo ye-WRO, ethi kwiimeko ezininzi isebenze njengolawulo lwezohlwayo-ikhuthaza kuphela ukupheliswa koshishino namaqumrhu atyunjiweyo, kwaye ikhuthaza naluphi na uhlobo lwamanyathelo okulungisa.
Okokugqibela, kwaye mhlawumbi okona kubaluleke kakhulu, imimiselo kufuneka ibandakanye inkuthazo engokwemvelo yokugcina urhwebo olusemthethweni luvulekile.Iinkampani ezilungiselela intsebenziswano yesixokelelwano sonikezelo kunye nesikhundla esiphambili kuxanduva loshishino lwentlalo kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla okuzinzileyo kufuneka zikwazi ukugcina amandla azo okurhweba ukuze zifumane iimpahla ngokufanelekileyo.Ukuphucula ukukwazi ukubonisa ukuba umjelo onikeziweyo wokubonelela ukhululekile ekusebenzeni okunyanzeliswayo (kubandakanywa nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokulandelela umkhondo ukuphumeza "iitshaneli eziluhlaza" zokungeniswa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka) ngumlinganiselo onamandla wenkuthazo ongekho phantsi komthetho wangoku kwaye kufuneka udalwe.
Enyanisweni, imimiselo ehlaziyiweyo inokufezekisa ezinye zezi njongo, eziya kuphucula kakhulu imeko ekhoyo.Ndiyathemba ukuba iNkongolo ye-117 kunye nabachaphazelekayo kuzo zonke iingingqi zovoto bangahlangabezana nalo mngeni.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-01-2021