Malipoti aposachedwa okhudza vuto laufulu wa anthu mdera la Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region akuwonetsa kuti dziko la United States ndilogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri anthu amtundu wa Uyghur pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi.Ndizotsimikizika kuti zina mwazinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa pano ku United States, ngakhale ndizovuta kunena kuti ndi ziti, zimapangidwa kwathunthu kapena mbali ina ndi Uyghurs ndi ena achisilamu ochepa kuti alimbikitse "kuyambiranso maphunziro" ku China.
Kutengera cholinga ndi cholinga chilichonse, "zofuna" zilizonse za anthu a ku Uyghur ku United States sizikhala mwadala.Makampani aku America sakuyang'ana ntchito yokakamiza ya Uighur, komanso sakuyembekeza kupeza phindu lazachuma mwachinsinsi.Ogula aku America alibe kufunikira kotsimikizika kwa katundu wopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito anthu okakamiza.Ziwopsezo za mbiri zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kupha anthu kapena milandu yolimbana ndi anthu zikuwoneka ngati zazikulu.Komabe, kufufuza ndi kusanthula kwatulutsa umboni wodalirika womwe umagwirizanitsa ntchito yokakamiza ya Uyghur ndi ntchito yokakamiza ya Uyghur yomwe imamanga mgwirizano wa US.
Kufuna mwangozi ku United States sikunayambitse vuto la Xinjiang, komabe ndi cholinga chovomerezeka kuti ntchito ya US zisagwirizane ndi ntchito yokakamiza ya Uyghur.Linatsimikiziranso kukhala vuto losokoneza.Kuyambira zaka 90, Article 307 ya Tariff Act ya 1930 yaletsa kutumizidwa kunja kwa katundu wopangidwa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono mokakamizidwa.Komabe, zowona zatsimikizira kuti lamuloli silingachepetse bwino katundu wokhudzana ndi Xinjiang kapena pafupifupi ntchito zonse zokakamiza zomwe zafala padziko lonse lapansi.
Gawo 307 lili ndi zolakwika zazikulu ziwiri.Choyamba, chifukwa njira zamakono zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zazikulu komanso zosawoneka bwino, ulalo wa chain chain ndi anthu okakamiza akadalipo.Lamuloli silinapangidwe kuti lithandizire kukulitsa kuwonekera ndi kumveka bwino, ngakhale ili ndi gawo lalamulo lomwe lili ndi mwayi wapadera pakukakamira.Ngakhale Gawo 307 limatha kuthana ndi vuto lokakamiza la wopanga zinthu zotumizidwa kunja, ndizovuta kutsata ntchito yokakamiza yodziwika bwino pamaziko a chain chain.Ngati dongosolo la Gawo 307 silinasinthidwe, kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa ntchito zokakamira zinthu zoopsa (monga thonje lochokera ku Xinjiang) sizingakhale zogwira mtima.
Kachiwiri, ngakhale kuti kugwira ntchito mokakamizidwa ndikosavuta kukhala ngati kunyozetsa kofala, pali nkhani zenizeni komanso zamalamulo posankha momwe mungadziwire ndikuletsa kuitanitsa katundu wopangidwa mokakamizidwa, zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri.Nkhanizi sizinangobweretsa zotsatira zamalonda, komanso zabweretsa zotsatira za makhalidwe abwino ndi mbiri zomwe sizichitika kawirikawiri pazamalonda.Zitha kunenedwa kuti pankhani ya malamulo amalonda, palibe kufunikira kwakukulu kapena kokulirapo kwa njira zoyenera komanso njira zoyendetsera bwino kuposa Gawo 307.
Vuto lomwe lili ku Xinjiang lafotokoza zolakwika zomwe zili mu Article 307 komanso kufunika kokonzanso malamulo.Ino ndi nthawi yoti tiganizirenso za kuletsa kwa US kuitanitsa anthu okakamizidwa kugwira ntchito.Ndime 307 yosinthidwayo itha kukhala ndi gawo lapadera pamalamulo okhudzana ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, komanso ndi mwayi wotsogolera dziko lonse lapansi pakati pa United States ndi ogwirizana nawo komanso pakati pa ogwirizana nawo.
Zowona zatsimikizira kuti lingaliro loletsa kulowetsedwa kwa katundu wopangidwa mokakamizidwa ndilotchuka kwambiri.Canada ndi Mexico adagwirizana kuti apereke ziletso zomwezi kudzera mu mgwirizano wa United States-Mexico-Canada.Bilu yofananira idayambitsidwa posachedwa ku Australia.Nkosavuta kuvomereza kuti katundu wopangidwa kuchokera ku ntchito yokakamiza alibe malo m’malonda a padziko lonse.Vuto lake ndi kupeza mmene angapangire lamulo limeneli kukhala logwira mtima.
Chilankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito cha Gawo 307 (chophatikizidwa mu 19 USC §1307) ndi mawu achidule modabwitsa a 54:
Pansi pa zilango zaupandu, zinthu zonse, katundu, katundu ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimakumbidwa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono, zopangidwa kapena kupangidwa m'maiko akunja kudzera mwa anthu opezeka olakwa kapena/ndi/kapena kukakamiza kapena/ndi ntchito ya makontrakitala sizili ndi ufulu wolowa padoko lililonse ndipo ndizoletsedwa. kuchokera kunja ku United States, [.]
Kuletsa ndi mtheradi, mtheradi.Sichifuna njira zowonjezera zowonjezera, kapena malamulo ena aliwonse okhudzana ndi mfundo yomwe yaperekedwa.Mwaukadaulo, latitude ndi longitude sizinatchulidwe.Chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo loletsa kuitanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza popanga katundu.Ngati katunduyo wapangidwa wonse kapena mbali yake kudzera mu ntchito yokakamiza, katunduyo sangathe kutumizidwa ku United States mwalamulo.Ngati kuphwanya chiletsocho kwapezeka, kudzakhala maziko a zilango zapachiweniweni kapena zachiwembu.
Chifukwa chake, munkhani ya Xinjiang, Gawo 307 limapereka lingaliro losangalatsa komanso losavuta.Ngati zomwe zikuchitika ku Xinjiang zikufanana ndi ntchito yokakamiza, ndipo zonse kapena gawo lake limapangidwa ndi ntchito yotere, ndiye kuti sikuloledwa kuitanitsa katunduyu ku United States.Zaka zingapo zapitazo, zowona ku Xinjiang zisanalembedwe bwino, zitha kukhala zotheka kukayikira ngati mapulogalamu omwe adatumizidwa ku Xinjiang anali okakamiza anthu.Komabe, nthawi imeneyo yadutsa.Chipani chokhacho chomwe chimanena kuti kulibe ntchito yokakamiza ku Xinjiang ndi Chipani cha Communist cha China.
Ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti "kuletsa" kwa chiletso chokakamiza kulowetsa anthu ogwira ntchito kumakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo omwe, osati chifukwa cha kukakamiza kulikonse kochitidwa ndi US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).Pafupifupi malipoti onse a CBP yalamula kuti mutulutse thonje ndi tomato ku Xinjiang ndi thonje lopangidwa ndi Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, kusinthaku kwatsala pang'ono kutha.Ma WRO awa amafotokozedwa pafupifupi padziko lonse ngati zochita "zoletsa" kuitanitsa katundu wotere, ngakhale sanatero.CBP yokha idafotokoza kuti "WRO sicholetsa".
Chochitika chofananachi chidawonekeranso popereka lipoti ndikusintha lamulo la Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Law (UFLPA).Lamulo lomwe lidaperekedwa mu Congress ya 116 ndipo lomwe lakhazikitsidwanso mu Congress yapano likhazikitsa malingaliro osatsutsika kuti zinthu zonse zochokera ku Xinjiang kapena Uyghurs zidapangidwa mu imodzi mwamapulogalamu omwe amatsutsana.Kulikonse kumene iwo ali, amapangidwa ndi ntchito yokakamiza..Makhalidwe a UFLPA siwolondola.Zimapangitsa "kuletsa" pazinthu za Xinjiang, koma kwenikweni sizitero.Ndikofunikira kuti otumiza kunja "atsimikizire zowona" ndi "kugwirizanitsa zabodza kulemedwa kwa umboni ndi zenizeni".Zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku Xinjiang sizokakamizidwa kugwira ntchito.” Sichoncho.
Awa si mavuto ang’onoang’ono.Kusamvetsetsa WRO ngati chiletso kapena kufotokoza UFLPA ngati kufunikira kotumiza katundu wa umboni kwa makampani otumiza kunja sikudzangomvetsetsa zomwe lamulo lingachite, komanso zomwe sizingachitike.Chofunika kwambiri, anthu ayenera kusamvetsetsa.ogwira.Kuletsedwa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito yokakamiza ochokera kunja kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu lazamalamulo, makamaka ku Xinjiang, komwe kukakamiza anthu ambiri kumagwira ntchito mokakamiza.Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu kwa CBP kwa WRO sikungathe kuthana ndi zovuta izi, koma zidzakulitsa.UFLPA ikhoza kukwaniritsa zinthu zina zofunika, koma sizingathandize, kuthana ndi zovuta zazikulu zamalamulo.
Kodi WRO ndi chiyani, ngati sicholetsedwa?Izi ndi zongoyerekeza.Mwachindunji, ili ndi lamulo la miyambo ya mkati lomwe CBP yapeza zifukwa zomveka zokayikirira kuti gulu linalake kapena mtundu wa katundu unapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito anthu okakamiza ndi kutumizidwa ku United States, ndipo analangiza woyang'anira doko kuti atseke kutumiza kwa katundu wotere .CBP imaganiza kuti katundu wotere ndi ntchito yokakamiza.Ngati wogulitsa asunga katunduyo pansi pa WRO, wolowetsa katunduyo akhoza kutsimikizira kuti katunduyo alibe gulu la katundu kapena gulu lomwe latchulidwa mu WRO (mwa kuyankhula kwina, CBP imaletsa kutumizidwa kolakwika), kapena katunduyo ali ndi gulu lomwe latchulidwa kapena gulu la katundu , Katunduyu sanapangidwe mokakamizidwa (mwanjira ina, kulingalira kwa CBP ndikolakwika).
Dongosolo la WRO ndiloyenera kuthana ndi milandu yokakamiza anthu omwe amapanga zinthu zomaliza, koma ikagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi ntchito yokakamiza yomwe imachitika mozama mumayendedwe ogulitsa, njira ya WRO imakhazikitsidwa posachedwa.Mwachitsanzo, ngati CBP ikukayikira kuti Company X ikugwiritsa ntchito anthu ogwira ntchito m’ndende kusonkhanitsa tizigawo ting’onoting’ono ku China, ikhoza kupereka lamulo ndi kuimitsa modalirika gulu lililonse la tizigawo ting’onoting’ono topangidwa ndi Company X. Fomu yolengeza za kasitomu imasonyeza katundu wotumizidwa kunja (zigawo zing’onozing’ono) ndi wopanga (X company).Komabe, CBP siingagwiritse ntchito mwalamulo WRO ngati ulendo wosodza, ndiko kuti, kusunga katunduyo kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi magulu kapena mitundu ya katundu yotchulidwa mu WRO.Pamene Customs and Border Protection Bureau imayang'ana zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwa chain chain (monga thonje ku Xinjiang), sikophweka kudziwa kuti ndi katundu wanji omwe ali ndi magulu kapena mitundu ya katundu kotero kuti sizili mkati mwa WRO.
Ili ndi vuto lenileni polimbana ndi ntchito yokakamiza, yomwe imapezeka paliponse kunja kwa gawo loyamba la kuperekera, ndiko kuti, ntchito yokakamiza imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense muzitsulo zogulitsira kupatulapo womaliza wopanga chomaliza.Izi ndizomvetsa chisoni, chifukwa maulalo ambiri ogwira ntchito mokakamizidwa omwe amamangiriridwa ku United States ndi ozama kuposa gawo loyamba loperekera.Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zasinthidwa pang'ono asanatumizidwe koma zimagulitsidwa ngati katundu ndipo motero zimataya chidziwitso chawo nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pokolola, monga zinthu monga koko, khofi ndi tsabola.Zimaphatikizansopo zinthu zomwe zakhala zikupanga magawo angapo asanatumizidwe kunja, monga zinthu monga thonje, mafuta a kanjedza ndi cobalt.
Bungwe la International Labor Affairs Bureau (ILAB) lafalitsa mndandanda wazinthu zomwe boma la US limadziwika kuti zimapangidwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamiza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ana.Mndandanda waposachedwa kwambiri wapeza mitundu 119 yazinthu zomwe zidapangidwa mokakamizidwa.Zina mwazinthuzi zitha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito anthu okakamiza pomaliza kupanga (monga zamagetsi, zovala kapena makapeti), koma zambiri zimalowa ku United States mwanjira ina.
Ngati CBP ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito WRO kuteteza thonje ku Xinjiang kuti zisanyanyale thonje ku Xinjiang, ikuyenera kudziwa kaye kuti ndi katundu wanji omwe ali ndi thonje la Xinjiang.Palibe chilichonse m'malo osungirako zinthu zomwe CBP ingagwiritse ntchito kuti atseke kusiyana kumeneku.
Poganizira za kupezeka kwa nsalu zapadziko lonse lapansi, bungwe la US Customs and Border Protection silingaganize momveka bwino kuti zinthu zonse zaku China zomwe zili ndi thonje ndi zopangidwa ndi thonje la Xinjiang.China ndi yomwe imagulitsanso thonje kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Zovala zambiri za thonje zopangidwa ku China zitha kupangidwa kuchokera ku thonje lopangidwa ku United States.Pachifukwa chomwecho, thonje lopangidwa ku Xinjiang likhoza kukulungidwa kukhala ulusi, kenaka kukulukidwa kukhala nsalu, ndipo potsirizira pake kulowa mu United States ngati zovala zomalizidwa kuchokera ku United States, Turkey, Honduras, kapena Bangladesh.
Izi zikuwonetsera bwino "chilema" choyamba mu gawo 307 lomwe latchulidwa pamwambapa.Ngati thonje lonse lochokera ku Xinjiang lili pachiwopsezo chopangidwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito yokakamiza, ndiye kuti thonje mabiliyoni ambiri azinthu zopangidwa ndi thonje zitha kutumizidwa ku United States mosaloledwa.Thonje wopangidwa ku Xinjiang akuti umapanga 15-20% ya thonje padziko lonse lapansi.Komabe, palibe amene akudziwa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimapangidwa zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi lamulo, chifukwa kudziwa komwe kumachokera ulusi wa thonje muzovala zobwera kunja sikofunikira.Ogulitsa kunja ambiri sadziwa dziko kumene ulusi wa thonje umachokera, ndipo US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) ikudziwa zochepa.Pamapeto pake, izi zikutanthauza kuti kupezeka kwa zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku thonje la Xinjiang ndi nkhambakamwa chabe.
Kodi UFLPA ndi chiyani?Monga yankho ku zovuta zokakamira za Gawo 307 motsutsana ndi Xinjiang, nanga bwanji UFLPA?Ichi ndi chiganizo china.M'malo mwake, izi zili ngati WRO yovomerezeka.UFLPA inganene kuti katundu aliyense wochokera ku Xinjiang kapena mbali yake, komanso katundu aliyense wopangidwa ndi anthu a ku Uyghur okhudzana ndi mapologalamu okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku China, posatengera komwe ali, ayenera kupangidwa mokakamizidwa.Monga WRO, ngati wotumiza kunja atsekereza gulu la katundu chifukwa chokayikira kuti akugwira ntchito mokakamiza UFLPA itayamba kugwira ntchito (akadali wamkulu "ngati"), wotumiza kunja angayesere kutsimikizira kuti katunduyo sakukwanira (chifukwa sali kapena ndi chiyambi).Zopangidwa ku Xinjiang kapena Uyghurs), ngakhale zitachokera ku Xinjiang kapena zopangidwa ndi ma Uyghur, kukakamiza sikugwiritsidwa ntchito.Baibulo la UFLPA, lomwe linabweretsedwanso mu Congress ino ndi Senator Marco Rubio, lili ndi malamulo ena ambiri osangalatsa, kuphatikizapo chilolezo chodziwika bwino cha CBP kuti apititse patsogolo malamulo, ndi kupititsa patsogolo malamulo ndi malingaliro ochokera kwa anthu ndi mabungwe angapo a federal Strategy.Komabe, kunena zowona, zomwe zili mubiluyo zikadali zongopeka pazazinthu zopangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito ku Xinjiang kapena Uyghur.
Komabe, UFLPA sidzathetsa mavuto aliwonse omwe angayambitse malonda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha vuto la Xinjiang.Biliyo sipangitsa kuti US Customs and Border Protection idziwe bwino kuti zinthu zopangidwa ku Xinjiang kapena Uighurs zikulowa m'malo opezeka ku US.Makanema akuluakulu komanso osawoneka bwino apitiliza kusokoneza zisankho zachitetezo.Biluyo sikuletsa kuitanitsa zinthu zopitilira muyeso zoletsedwa kuchokera ku Xinjiang, komanso sikusintha kwenikweni udindo wa omwe akutumiza kunja kwa Xinjiang-origin kapena Uyghur zopangidwa.Pokhapokha ngati atatsekeredwa, “sadzasamutsa” mtolo wa umboni, kapenanso kupereka mapu oti awonjezere kutsekeredwa m’ndende.Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ntchito zamalonda zomwe sizinatchulidwe ndi ntchito yokakamiza ya Uyghur ipitilira.
Komabe, UFLPA ikwaniritsa cholinga chimodzi chofunikira.China ikukana mwatsatanetsatane kuti dongosolo lawo lachiyanjano la Xinjiang Uyghurs likufanana ndi ntchito yokakamiza.Kwa anthu aku China, awa ndi njira zothetsera umphawi komanso kuthana ndi uchigawenga.UFLPA idzafotokozera momwe dziko la United States limawonera mapulogalamu owonetsetsa ndi kuponderezana, mofanana ndi momwe lamulo la 2017 linaperekera malingaliro ofanana pa ntchito ya North Korea.Kaya uku ndikutsimikiza kwa ndale kapena kungolengeza zowona kuchokera ku United States, awa ndi mawu amphamvu opangidwa ndi Congress ndi Purezidenti ndipo sayenera kutayidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Popeza kusintha kwa lamulo la 2016 kunachotsa zopinga zomwe zakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali mu Gawo 307, ndipo CBP idayamba kutsata lamulolo pambuyo pa kuyimitsidwa kwazaka 20, makamaka zomwe okhudzidwa ndi gawo 307 adakumana nazo sizinali zofanana. .Mabizinesi akunja akukhumudwa kwambiri ndi njira zosamveka bwino zotsatirira malamulo komanso zochita zomwe zingasokoneze malonda ovomerezeka osakakamiza anthu ogwira ntchito.Okhudzidwa omwe akufuna kulimbikitsa kutsata malamulo amakhumudwitsidwa chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, ndipo chiwerengero cha zochitika zomwe zimachitidwa ndizochepa kwambiri, zomwe zina ndizochepa modabwitsa.Zomwe zikuchitika ku Xinjiang ndi chitukuko chaposachedwa kwambiri, ngakhale ndichinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, kuwunikira zolakwika za Gawo 307.
Pakalipano, zoyesayesa zothetsa zofookazi zangoyang’ana pa nsonga zing’onozing’ono ndi zosoka: mwachitsanzo, gulu logwira ntchito pakati pa mabungwe linapangidwa kuti likhazikitse ndondomeko yoyendetsera Gawo 307, ndipo lipoti la Ofesi Yoyang’anira Boma la US linalimbikitsa kuti CBP ipereke. Zothandizira zochulukira ndi ndondomeko zoyendetsera ntchito, komanso malingaliro a komiti yolangizira yamakampani azigawo zing'onozing'ono ku CBP, kuti achepetse zonenedweratu zogwirira ntchito mokakamizidwa ndikusintha malamulo oyendetsera katundu.Ngati italengezedwa, mtundu wa UFLPA womwe wangobwezedwanso ku 117th Congress ukhala wosintha kwambiri pa Gawo 307 mpaka pano.Komabe, ngakhale pali nkhawa zonse zokhuza Ndime 307, palibe kudera nkhawa za malamulowo.Ngakhale kuti lamulo limaletsa kuitanitsa katundu kapena katundu yense wokakamizidwa kugwira ntchito, lamulo lenilenilo ndi lamphamvu, koma lamulolo likufunikabe kukonzedwanso mwamsanga.
Popeza Gawo 307 ndiloletsa kuitanitsa, malamulo a kasitomu omwe amatsatira lamuloli ali pamlingo wina monyozeka pakati pa zoletsa zoletsa masitampu abodza ndi makanema onyansa (kwenikweni mtundu wa katundu womwe mukuwona ), kutanthauzira Woweruza wa Khothi Lalikulu Potter Stewart ( Potter Stewart).Komabe, mowonekera komanso mwazamalamulo, palibe kusiyana pakati pa katundu wopangidwa mokakamizidwa ndi katundu wopangidwa popanda kukakamiza.Ngakhale kuyika kwa malamulo kumawoneka kuti kumatanthauza kuti gawo la 307 ndilolakwika.
Ngati zili zoona kuti kugwirizana pakati pa maunyolo operekera padziko lonse ndi ntchito yokakamiza kumapitirirabe chifukwa cha maunyolo akuluakulu komanso osawoneka bwino, ndiye kuti malamulo omwe amafunikiranso kuwonekera ndi kumveka bwino kwa kayendetsedwe kake ndi othandiza kwambiri kuthetsa ntchito yokakamiza.Mwamwayi, zitsanzo zambiri za malamulo oyendetsera katundu zimasonyeza momwe angachitire izi nthawi zina, ndi kupambana kwakukulu.
Kunena zowona, kuyang'anira katundu ndi chidziwitso chokha.Ogulitsa kunja amafunidwa ndi lamulo kuti asonkhanitse chidziwitsochi ndikuchilengeza kwa akuluakulu a kasitomu, komanso ntchito yochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a kasitomu okha kapena mogwirizana ndi akatswiri ankhani kuchokera ku mabungwe ena kuti awone kulondola kwa chidziwitsochi ndikuwonetsetsa Ndi zotsatira zoyenera. .
Malamulo oyendetsera katundu nthawi zonse amachokera ku kutsimikiza kwa malire a zinthu zina zomwe zimachokera kunja zomwe zimakhala ndi zoopsa zina, komanso kuyika zikhalidwe zogulitsa kunja kwa katundu wotere pofuna kuchepetsa zoopsa zoterezi.Mwachitsanzo, chakudya chochokera kunja chikhoza kukhala chiwopsezo ku thanzi la ogula.Chifukwa chake, malamulo monga Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ndi Food Safety Modernization Act, yoyendetsedwa ndi US Food and Drug Administration komanso kutsatiridwa ndi US Customs and Border Protection pamalire, imayika zinthu zina pazakudya zophimbidwa. .Malamulowa ali ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana azinthu zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuopsa kwake.
Ogulitsa kunja akuyenera kuwadziwitsatu kuti akufuna kuitanitsa zakudya zina, kulemba zinthuzo motsatira miyezo yeniyeni, kapena kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga zikalata zotsimikizira kuti malo opangira zakudya zakunja akukwaniritsa miyezo yachitetezo yaku US.Njira yofananira imatengedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku malembo a sweti (malamulo olembera ma fiber olembedwa pansi pa Textile and Wool Act yoyendetsedwa ndi Federal Trade Commission) ku zinyalala zowopsa (malamulo ndi malamulo oyendetsedwa ndi Environmental Protection Agency) amakwaniritsa zofunikira.
Popeza Ndime 307 imaletsa umaliseche wa zilembo 54, palibe lamulo lokhudza zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa kuchokera kumayiko ena kuti akagwire ntchito mokakamizidwa.Boma silisonkhanitsa zidziwitso zoyambira za katundu yemwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi chiwopsezo chogwira ntchito mokakamiza, ndipo safuna ngakhale wobwereketsa kuti anene momveka bwino kuti "sitimayi sinagwire ntchito yonse kapena mbali ina mokakamizidwa."Palibe fomu yoti mudzaze, palibe cheke bokosi, palibe zambiri zowululira.
Kulephera kufotokoza Article 307 ngati njira yowongolera zinthu zomwe zimachokera kumakhalanso ndi zotsatira zapadera.Ndi kukakamizidwa kochulukira kwa CBP kuti ikhazikitse malamulo, US Customs kwa nthawi yayitali yakhala imodzi mwamakina ofunikira a boma la US.Ikhoza kungodalira kukoma mtima kwa alendo kuti apeze zambiri zokhudzana ndi zisankho zazikulu zomwe ayenera kupanga.Izi sizikungoganiza zongoyang'ana kaye zachitetezo cha bungweli, kenako ndikukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kutulutsa kwenikweni.
Popeza panalibe njira yoganizira zonena za anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamiza komanso umboni wotsutsana ndi njira yowonekera, yokhazikika, CBP idachita mgwirizano ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma (NGOs) kuti apeze nzeru zogwirira ntchito yokakamiza, ndipo akuluakulu a CBP achita mgwirizano ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma. Pitani ku Thailand ndi mayiko ena.Kumvetsetsa vuto mwachindunji.Mamembala a Congress pano ayamba kulemba makalata ku US Customs and Border Protection, akulemba zolemba zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ntchito yokakamiza zomwe awerenga, ndikuwopseza kuti achitepo kanthu.Koma pa ntchito ya ma NGOs, atolankhani, ndi mamembala a Congress, sizikudziwika momwe CBP imasonkhanitsira zidziwitso zofunikira kuti akwaniritse Ndime 307.
Monga njira yatsopano yolandirira, kutanthauziranso kuletsa kokakamiza ngati njira yoyendetsera zinthu zomwe zingayambitse kutulutsa zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi nkhani zokakamiza anthu ogwira ntchito.Zomwe zimachitika, CBP yayamba kuzindikira mitundu yambiri yazidziwitso zomwe zingakhale zothandiza pakufufuza kokakamiza.Makamaka chifukwa cha mgwirizano wokhazikika wogula zinthu pakati pa CBP ndi atsogoleri amakampani.CBP idapeza kuti chithunzi chokwanira cha chain chain, kufotokozera m'mene mungagulire anthu ogwira ntchito pa sitepe iliyonse mu chain chain, ndondomeko za udindo wa kampani ndi malamulo a kagayidwe kazinthu zonse zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zofotokozera.Imathandiza kudziwitsa zisankho zakuchita.
CBP yayambanso kutumiza mafunso kwa omwe akuitanitsa zikalata zotere, ngakhale kuti pakali pano palibe lamulo lomwe limapangitsa kukhala ndi zikalatazi kukhala lamulo lotengera kuchokera kunja.Malingana ndi 19 USC § 1509 (a) (1) (A), CBP imasunga mndandanda wa zolemba zonse zomwe oitanitsa kunja angafunikire kusunga, zomwe sizikuphatikizidwa monga zofunikira zoitanitsa.CBP nthawi zonse imatha kupanga zopempha, ndipo ena obwera kunja angayese kutulutsa zinthu zothandiza, koma mpaka Article 307 iwunikiridwanso monga malamulo oyendetsera zinthu, kuyankha pazopemphazi kudzakhalabe ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino.Ngakhale amene ali okonzeka kugawira ena sangakhale ndi chidziŵitso chimene lamulo silimawakakamiza kukhala nacho.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro okulitsa mndandanda wa zikalata zofunika kuchokera kumayiko akunja kuti aphatikizepo zithunzi zogulira katundu ndi mfundo zamabizinesi, kapena kupatsa CBP mphamvu yotsekera m'ndende yosaka thonje la Xinjiang kapena zinthu zina zopangidwa mokakamiza, njira yosavuta ikhoza kupezeka.Komabe, njira yotereyi inganyalanyaze vuto lalikulu lokhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kuitanitsa anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamiza, lomwe likuganiza za momwe angathetsere bwino nkhani zowona ndi zamalamulo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azifunsa mokakamiza.
Mfundo ndi nkhani zalamulo pa nkhani ya ntchito yokakamiza ndizovuta kuthetsa, monganso vuto linalake loyang'anira katundu wolowa kunja, koma zofuna zomwe zikukhudzidwa ndi zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo ndi tanthawuzo la makhalidwe abwino ndi mbiri, palibe Malo ofanana.
Kuyang'anira kosiyanasiyana kochokera kunja kumabweretsa zovuta zenizeni komanso zamalamulo.Mwachitsanzo, kodi US Customs and Border Protection imasiyanitsa bwanji pamene katundu wochokera kunja walandira thandizo lopanda chilungamo kuchokera ku maboma akunja, kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale apakhomo, ndi kufunikira kwa ndalama zothandizira?CBP itatsegula chidebe chonyamulira mpira ku Port of Los Angeles/Long Beach, mayendedwe a mpira omwe adathandizidwa mopanda chilungamo adawoneka chimodzimodzi ndi momwe amagulitsira mpira.
Yankho ndiloti lamulo loletsa msonkho wa subsidy lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 (lomwe linavomerezedwa ndi mayiko apadziko lonse m'zaka makumi angapo zotsatira monga chitsanzo cha miyezo ya mayiko olamulira malamulo a msonkho) amafuna kuti mabungwe odziwa bwino atsatire ndondomeko zotsutsana ndi umboni ndikutengera ndondomeko zotengera umboni.Lembani chigamulo cholembedwa ndikuvomereza ulamuliro wachilungamo.Ndemanga.Popanda dongosolo labwino la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo olembedwa, mavuto enieni ndi azamalamulowa adzathetsedwa ndi mizu ya malingaliro osamveka bwino ndi zofuna za ndale.
Kusiyanitsa katundu wopangidwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamizidwa ndi omwe amapangidwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito mwachilungamo kumafuna mfundo zovuta zambiri ndi zigamulo zalamulo monga mlandu uliwonse wotsutsana ndi msonkho, ndi zina.Kodi ntchito yokakamiza ndi kuti ndipo CBP imadziwa bwanji?Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi mavuto aakulu okha ndi okakamizadi?Kodi boma limaweruza bwanji ngati pali kugwirizana pakati pa ntchito yokakamiza ndi njira zogulitsira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi United States?Kodi ofufuza ndi opanga mfundo amasankha bwanji nthawi yomwe njira zomwe siziyenera kutsatiridwa bwino ziyenera kutsatiridwa kapena ngati zikuyenera kutsatiridwa?Ngati palibe CBP kapena wobwereketsa yemwe sangatsimikizire ndendende vuto la anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamiza, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zotani?
Mndandanda ukupitirira.Ndi miyeso yanji yaumboni pochita zokakamiza?Ndi katundu wotani amene ayenera kumangidwa?Ndi umboni wotani umene uyenera kukhala wokwanira kuti munthu atulutsidwe?Ndi njira zingati zowongolera zomwe zikufunika kuti omvera malamulo achedwetsedwe kapena kuthetsedwa?Kodi boma limaonetsetsa bwanji kuti zinthu ngati zimenezi zikuchitiridwa mofanana?
Pakadali pano, lililonse la mafunsowa limayankhidwa ndi CBP yokha.Muzolemba zolemba, palibe imodzi yomwe ingathetsedwe.Pochita kafukufuku ndikuchitapo kanthu, omwe akhudzidwawo sadzadziwitsidwa pasadakhale, kuganiziridwa kuti ali ndi malingaliro otsutsana kapena kupereka zifukwa zomveka zochitirapo kanthu kupatula zofalitsa.Palibe chidziwitso chomwe chidaperekedwa ndipo palibe ndemanga zomwe zidalandiridwa.Palibe amene akudziwa umboni wokwanira kuti apereke lamulolo, kubweza lamulolo kapena kulisunga.Chigamulo chokakamiza pachokha sichiyenera kuweruzidwa mwachindunji.Ngakhale pamlingo wa utsogoleri, pambuyo pa kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali komanso mwanzeru, palibe dongosolo lazamalamulo lomwe lingapangidwe.Chifukwa chake ndi chophweka, ndiko kuti, palibe chomwe chalembedwa.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti ogwira ntchito m'boma odzipereka a CBP omwe akudzipereka kuthetsa ukapolo wamakono muzinthu zogulitsira adzavomereza kuti malamulo abwino akufunika.
M'gulu lazamalamulo laukapolo wamakono, ntchito yokakamiza, ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi ufulu wa anthu, zitsanzo zina zachuluka m'madera onse."Supply Chain Transparency Act" yaku California ndi "Modern Slavery Act" yokhazikitsidwa ndi maulamuliro ambiri amachokera ku lingaliro lakuti kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo ingalimbikitse "kupikisana" kwa machitidwe okhazikika a chain chain."Global Magnitsky Act" idapangidwa ndi United States ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi njira yolangira anthu ophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe.Cholinga chake ndi chakuti ufulu wachibadwidwe waumunthu ukhoza kukwaniritsidwa mwa kulanga ndi kuletsa zochita zamalonda ndi ochita zoipa enieni.kupita patsogolo.
Lamulo loletsa kuitanitsa anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamizidwa likugwirizana, koma mosiyana ndi lamulo lowulula za chain chain ndi lamulo la zilango.Chofunikira pakuletsa kugulitsa kunja ndikuti katundu wopangidwa mokakamizidwa alibe malo pamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi.Zimalingalira kuti onse ochita zamalamulo amawona ntchito yokakamiza kuchokera kumalingaliro ofanana, ndipo amazindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa ntchito yokakamiza kumabwera chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa anthu ophwanya malamulo, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, chifukwa ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi yaikulu komanso yosaoneka bwino.Imakana lingaliro lakuti zovuta kapena zowoneka bwino ndizomwe zimayambitsa mavuto aumunthu ndi zachuma omwe amanyalanyaza chinyengo, malonda, chinyengo ndi nkhanza.
Kuletsa kovomerezeka kovomerezeka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kungathenso kuchita zomwe utolankhani wofufuza komanso omenyera ufulu wa NGO sangathe: kuchitira mbali zonse mofanana.Ogula omwe akugwira nawo ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi ochita masewera omwe amatsogolera ku malonda a malire ndi ochulukirapo kuposa awa, osati ma brand omwe mayina awo angawonekere mu malipoti a mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani kapena NGOs.Kugwira ntchito mokakamiza ndi tsoka laumunthu, vuto lazamalonda ndi zenizeni zachuma, ndipo lamulo loyendetsa kunja liri ndi luso lapadera lothana nalo.Lamulo lingathandize kugawa ochita zamalamulo ku machitidwe osaloledwa, ndipo pozindikira zotsatira za kukana kutero, kuwonetsetsa kuti aliyense akugwira ntchito yofanana.
Omwe ali ndi njira yomaliza adzagwiritsa ntchito lamuloli kuti athane ndi matenda obwera chifukwa chauthenga (lamulo limafuna US Securities and Exchange Commission kuti iwulule zambiri zokhudzana ndi mikangano ya minerals), ndipo anthu azikayikira.Pali zinthu zambiri zoyeserera ndi mchere wotsutsana, koma sizili zofanana: bungwe loyang'anira lomwe limapangidwa mwaluso ndi zida zoyeserera zomwe zayesedwa nthawi.
Ndiye, kodi ndi lamulo lotani lomwe limalimbikitsa kuzindikiridwa ndi kuthetsa ntchito yokakamiza?Ndemanga zatsatanetsatane ndizoposa zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi, koma ndiyang'ana mbali zitatu zazikulu.
Choyamba, Congress iyenera kukhazikitsa bungwe lovomerezeka kuti lizichita kafukufuku wokakamiza anthu ogwira ntchito, ndikuvomereza momveka bwino kuti akuluakulu aboma avomereze ndikufufuza zonena za anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamiza ku United States.Iyenera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yovomerezeka yopangira zisankho;fotokozani kuti magulu oyenerera ali ndi mwayi wopereka zidziwitso ndi ufulu womva;ndikupanga njira zoyendetsera zinsinsi kuti muteteze zambiri zakampani, kapena kuteteza anthu okayikiridwa ngati pakufunika kutero.Chitetezo.
Bungwe la Congress liyeneranso kuganizira ngati kufufuza koteroko kumafuna ukatswiri wa oweruza azamalamulo, kapena ngati bungwe lina lililonse kusiyapo CBP liyenera kuthandizira ukatswiri pa nkhani yopanga zisankho (mwachitsanzo, US International Trade Commission kapena ILAB).Ziyenera kufunikira kuti chotsatira chomaliza cha kafukufukuyo ndi kupereka zisankho zozikidwa pa zolembedwa, ndikuwunika koyenera kwa oyang'anira ndi/kapena oweruza pazisankhozi, ndikuwunikanso nthawi ndi nthawi kuti awone ngati njira zowongolera zikuyenera kupitilirabe.Lamulo liyenera kufunidwa kuti liwonetsetse ngati anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamiza amachitika komanso kuti.Zogulitsa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi anthu okakamizidwa zitha kulowa mgulu la US.Chifukwa chake, zinthu zomalizidwa kuchokera kunja ziyenera kukhala njira yotheka.
Chachiwiri, chifukwa mikhalidwe yomwe imapangitsa kuti anthu azigwira ntchito mokakamiza amasiyana kwambiri m'mafakitale ndi mayiko, bungwe la Congress liyenera kuganizira zopanga zithandizo zingapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pambuyo poti zisankho zotsimikizika zapangidwa muzochitika zosiyanasiyana.Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina, zingakhale zothandiza kufunsa kuti woperekayo aziwulula zofunikira kuti athe kutsatiridwa kuposa wogulitsa kapena wopanga womaliza.Nthawi zina, pamene anthu amakhulupirira kuti kulimbikitsa ntchito zokakamira m'misika yakunja ndizofunikira kwambiri, pangakhale kofunikira kupereka zolimbikitsa pazokambirana zamayiko ndi boma.Pansi pa malamulo amasiku ano amalonda, njira zambiri zowongolera zitha kuchitidwa kuti athetse mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malonda omwe ali ndi vuto, kuphatikiza kuthekera kotsekera kapena kusapatula katundu wina wotumizidwa kunja kapena kuletsa kuchuluka kwa zotuluka kunja.Pofuna kukwaniritsa Ndime 307, zambiri mwazithandizozi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Njira zothanirana ndi zomwe zilipo zikuyenera kusungitsa kuletsa (kwamtheradi ndi kotheratu) kwa Ndime 307 ponena za kutumizidwa kunja kwa katundu wopangidwa kuchokera ku ntchito yokakamiza, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, ikuyenera kulola ndi kulimbikitsa zithandizo ndi kupitiriza kutenga nawo mbali ngakhale mavuto okakamizidwa kugwira ntchito. anapeza.Mwachitsanzo, a Congress atha kusintha chindapusa cha miyambo ndi njira zowulula zomwe zimagwira ntchito yokakamiza.Izi zidzasiyanitsa lamuloli ndi njira yomwe ilipo ya WRO, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito ngati ndondomeko ya zilango—imangolimbikitsa kuthetsedwa kwa bizinesi ndi mabungwe omwe asankhidwa, komanso kulepheretsa njira zilizonse zothetsera.
Pomaliza, ndipo makamaka chofunikira kwambiri, malamulowo ayenera kukhala ndi chilimbikitso chachilengedwe kuti malonda atsegulidwe.Makampani omwe akukonzekera mgwirizano wapaintaneti omwe ali ndi udindo wotsogola pantchito zamabizinesi komanso kugula zinthu mokhazikika akuyenera kukhalabe ndi luso lochita malonda kuti apeze zinthu moyenera.Kupititsa patsogolo luso lotsimikizira kuti njira yoperekera yoperekedwayo ilibe ntchito yokakamiza (kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotsogola kuti mukwaniritse "njira zobiriwira" zogulitsira kunja popanda kusokonezedwa) ndi njira yolimbikitsira yomwe kulibe pansi pa malamulo apano ndipo iyenera kupangidwa .
M'malo mwake, malamulo osinthidwawo amatha kukwaniritsa zina mwazolinga izi, zomwe zingathandize kwambiri momwe zinthu zilili.Ndikukhulupirira kuti Kongeresi ya 117 ndi ogwira nawo ntchito m'madera onse angathe kuthana ndi vutoli.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-01-2021