Raporo iheruka ku kibazo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere ka Shinjan Uyghur yigenga yerekana ko Amerika ari umuguzi ukomeye w’abakoresha imirimo y’agahato ku isoko ry’isi.Ntabwo byanze bikunze ko bimwe mubicuruzwa bigurishwa muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika, nubwo bigoye kuvuga ibyo, bikozwe muri rusange cyangwa igice cyacyo n’Abatutsi n’abandi bake b’abayisilamu kugira ngo bateze imbere “kongera kwiga” ku gahato.
Ukurikije intego n'intego iyo ari yo yose, “icyifuzo” icyo ari cyo cyose ku mirimo y'agahato y'Abatutsi muri Amerika nta bushake.Amasosiyete y'Abanyamerika ntabwo arashaka imirimo y'agahato y'Abatutsi, nta nubwo yizeye kuzabona inyungu rwihishwa muri yo.Abaguzi b'Abanyamerika ntibakenera neza ibicuruzwa byakozwe hakoreshejwe imirimo y'agahato.Ingaruka zizwi ziterwa n’iminyururu itangwa na jenoside cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bisa nk’ingirakamaro.Icyakora, iperereza nisesengura byatanze ibimenyetso byizewe bihuza imirimo y’agahato y’Abanyagihugu n’imirimo y’agahato y’Abatutsi ihuza amasoko yo muri Amerika.
Icyifuzo cy’ubushake muri Amerika ntabwo aricyo nyirabayazana w’ibibazo by’i Sinayi, ariko biracyari intego ya politiki yemewe yo gutuma urwego rutanga amasoko muri Amerika rudahuza n’umurimo w’agahato.Byagaragaye kandi ko ari ikibazo giteye urujijo.Kuva mu myaka 90, ingingo ya 307 y'itegeko ryerekeye ibiciro ryo mu 1930 yabujije kwinjiza ibicuruzwa bikozwe burundu cyangwa igice cy'imirimo y'agahato.Icyakora, ibimenyetso byagaragaje ko iryo tegeko ridashobora kugabanya neza ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bijyanye n’Ubushinwa cyangwa hafi ya bose bakoreshwa imirimo y'agahato mu bukungu bw'isi.
Igice 307 gifite inenge ebyiri zingenzi.Ubwa mbere, kubera ko urwego rugezweho rwo gutanga isoko runini kandi rudasobanutse, guhuza amasoko hamwe nakazi gahato biracyahari.Muri iki gihe amategeko ntagenewe gufasha mu kongera kugaragara no gusobanuka, nubwo iki ari ikintu kiranga amategeko gifite inyungu zidasanzwe mu kubahiriza.Nubwo Igice cya 307 gifite ubushobozi bwo gukemura ikibazo cyakazi cyagahato cyumushinga wanyuma wibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, biragoye kwibasira imirimo ikoreshwa cyane ku gahato hashingiwe ku isoko.Niba imiterere y'Igice cya 307 idahinduwe, umubare n'ubugari bw'ibikorwa byo kurwanya ibicuruzwa biteje akaga (nk'ipamba iva mu Bushinwa) ntibizakorwa neza.
Icya kabiri, nubwo imirimo y'agahato yoroshye muburyo bwo gukora agasuzuguro gakabije, haracyari ibibazo bifatika kandi byemewe n'amategeko muguhitamo uburyo bwo kumenya hanyuma bikabuza neza gutumiza ibicuruzwa byakozwe mumirimo y'agahato, bigoye cyane.Ibi bibazo ntabwo byazanye ingaruka zubucuruzi gusa, ahubwo byazanye n'ingaruka zimyitwarire nicyubahiro zidasanzwe mubijyanye no kugenzura ubucuruzi.Birashobora kuvugwa ko mubijyanye n’amabwiriza y’ubucuruzi, nta mpamvu nini cyangwa nini ikenewe mu buryo buboneye n’uburyo buboneye kuruta Igice cya 307.
Ikibazo cyabereye mu Bushinwa cyasobanuye amakosa y’ingingo ya 307 kandi ko ari ngombwa kuvugurura inzego z’amategeko.Ubu ni igihe cyo kongera gutekereza ku itegeko ryabuzanyijwe muri Amerika ku mirimo y'agahato.Ingingo ya 307 ivuguruye irashobora kugira uruhare rudasanzwe mu rwego rw’amategeko ajyanye no gutanga amasoko no guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi ni umwanya wo gukoresha ubuyobozi bw’isi yose hagati y’Amerika n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo ndetse n’abafatanyabikorwa.
Ukuri kwerekanye ko igitekerezo cyo guhagarika ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga hakoreshejwe imirimo y'agahato bikunzwe cyane.Kanada na Mexico byemeye gutanga ibihano nk'ibyo binyuze mu masezerano y'Amerika na Mexico na Kanada.Umushinga ugereranyije uherutse gutangizwa muri Ositaraliya.Biroroshye cyane kwemeranya ko ibicuruzwa biva mumirimo y'agahato bidafite umwanya mubucuruzi bwisi.Ikibazo ni ugushakisha uko amategeko nk'aya agira akamaro.
Ururimi rukoreshwa mu gice cya 307 (rwinjijwe muri 19 USC §1307) ni amagambo ahinnye atangaje 54:
Mu bihano mpanabyaha, ibicuruzwa byose, ibicuruzwa, ingingo n’ibicuruzwa byacukuwe burundu cyangwa igice, bikozwe cyangwa bikozwe mu bihugu by’amahanga binyuze mu mirimo yahamijwe icyaha cyangwa / na / cyangwa imirimo y'agahato cyangwa / n'amasezerano y'amasezerano ntibemerewe kwinjira ku cyambu icyo ari cyo cyose kandi birabujijwe. kuva mu mahanga muri Amerika, [.]
Ibibujijwe rwose, byuzuye.Ntabwo isaba ingamba zinyongera zo kubahiriza, cyangwa andi mabwiriza yose akoreshwa kubintu runaka.Mubuhanga, uburebure n'uburebure ntibisobanutse.Ikintu cyonyine gikurura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ibihano bitumizwa mu mahanga ni ugukoresha imirimo y'agahato mu bicuruzwa.Niba ibicuruzwa bikozwe muri rusange cyangwa igice cyabyo binyuze mumirimo y'agahato, ibicuruzwa ntibishobora kwinjizwa muri Amerika byemewe n'amategeko.Niba habonetse ukurenga ku bibujijwe, bizaba ishingiro ry’ibihano mbonezamubano cyangwa by’inshinjabyaha.
Kubwibyo, mu rwego rw’Ubushinwa, Igice cya 307 gitanga igitekerezo gishimishije kandi cyoroshye.Niba ibintu byabereye mu Bushinwa bihwanye n’imirimo ikoreshwa ku gahato, kandi byose cyangwa igice cyayo kikaba cyarakozwe n’imirimo nk'iyo, birabujijwe rero kwinjiza ibyo bicuruzwa muri Amerika.Mu myaka mike ishize, mbere yuko ibintu byabereye mu Bushinwa byandikwa byuzuye, birashoboka ko twakwibaza niba gahunda z’imibereho zoherejwe mu Bushinwa zaba ari umurimo w’agahato.Ariko, ako kanya karashize.Ishyaka ryonyine ryemeza ko nta mirimo y'agahato i Sinayi ari Ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ry'Ubushinwa.
Tugomba kumenya ko "kubuza" guhagarika imirimo itumizwa mu mahanga ku gahato byashyizweho n’amabwiriza ubwabo, kandi bidatewe n’ibikorwa byihariye byakozwe na gasutamo n’Amerika ishinzwe kurinda imipaka (CBP).Muri raporo hafi ya zose zerekana ko CBP iherutse gufunga ibicuruzwa byo kurekura (WRO) ku ipamba n'inyanya muri Sinayi no mu ipamba byakozwe n’inganda n’ubwubatsi by’Ubushinwa, iyi nuance yarazimye.Izi WRO hafi ya zose zisobanurwa nkibikorwa byo "kubuza" kwinjiza ibicuruzwa nkibi, nubwo batabikoze.CBP ubwayo yasobanuye ko "WRO atari ukubuza".
Ikintu gisa nacyo cyagaragaye mugihe cyo gutanga raporo no guhindura amategeko agenga gukumira umurimo (UFLPA).Amategeko yatanzwe muri kongere ya 116 none yongeye kugarurwa muri kongere iriho ubu azashyiraho igitekerezo kidashidikanywaho ko ibicuruzwa byose biva mu Bushinwa cyangwa Abanyiginya byakozwe muri imwe muri gahunda z’imibereho itavugwaho rumwe.Aho bari hose, baremwa nakazi gahato..Ibiranga UFLPA ntabwo aribyo.Ishiraho "kubuza" ibicuruzwa bya Sinayi, ariko mubyukuri sibyo.Birasabwa ko abatumiza mu mahanga "bagaragaza ukuri" kandi "bagahuza ibinyoma umutwaro wibimenyetso nukuri".Ibitumizwa mu Bushinwa ntabwo ari imirimo y'agahato.”Ntabwo.
Ibi ntabwo ari ibibazo byoroshye.Kudasobanukirwa WRO nk'ikibuza cyangwa gusobanura UFLPA ko ari ngombwa kohereza umutwaro w'ibimenyetso ku masosiyete atumiza mu mahanga ntibizumva gusa icyo amategeko ashobora gukora, ariko n'ibidashoboka.Icy'ingenzi, abantu bagomba kubyumva nabi.ingirakamaro.Kubuza imirimo y’agahato yatumijwe mu mahanga bitera ikibazo gikomeye cyo kubahiriza amategeko, cyane cyane mu Bushinwa, aho usanga imirimo myinshi y’agahato iboneka cyane mu isoko.CBP ikoresha cyane WRO nini ntishobora gutsinda izo mbogamizi, ariko izarushaho kwiyongera.UFLPA irashobora gusohoza ibintu bimwe na bimwe byingenzi, ariko ntabwo bizafasha, gukemura ibibazo byingenzi byubahirizwa n amategeko.
WRO ni iki, niba atari ukubuza?Iki ni igitekerezo.By'umwihariko, iri ni itegeko rya gasutamo imbere ko CBP yabonye impamvu zifatika zo gukeka ko icyiciro runaka cyangwa ubwoko bwibicuruzwa byakozwe hakoreshejwe imirimo y'agahato kandi byinjijwe muri Amerika, anategeka umuyobozi w'icyambu guhagarika ibicuruzwa byoherejwe.CBP ifata ko ibicuruzwa nkibi ari imirimo y'agahato.Niba uwatumije ibicuruzwa afunze ibicuruzwa munsi ya WRO, uwatumije mu mahanga ashobora kwerekana ko ibicuruzwa bitarimo icyiciro cyangwa icyiciro cyerekanwe muri WRO (mu yandi magambo, CBP irinda kohereza nabi), cyangwa ibicuruzwa birimo icyiciro cyagenwe cyangwa icyiciro cyibicuruzwa, Ibicuruzwa ntabwo byakozwe mubyukuri ukoresheje imirimo y'agahato (mu yandi magambo, igitekerezo cya CBP ntabwo aricyo).
Uburyo bwa WRO burakwiriye rwose gukemura ibibazo bivugwa ku mirimo y'agahato n'abakora ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, ariko iyo bikoreshejwe mu kurwanya imirimo y'agahato igaragara cyane mu isoko, uburyo bwa WRO bwashyizweho vuba.Kurugero, niba CBP ikeka ko Isosiyete X ikoresha imirimo ya gereza mu guteranya uduce duto mu Bushinwa, irashobora gutanga itegeko kandi igahagarika byimazeyo igice cyose cyibice bito byakozwe na Sosiyete X. Ifishi yo kumenyekanisha gasutamo yerekana ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga (uduce duto) nuwabikoze (sosiyete X).Ariko, CBP ntishobora gukoresha WRO muburyo bwemewe nuburobyi, ni ukuvuga gufunga ibicuruzwa kugirango hamenyekane niba birimo ibyiciro cyangwa ubwoko bwibicuruzwa bivugwa muri WRO.Iyo Biro ishinzwe kurinda gasutamo n’umupaka yibasiye ibicuruzwa byimbitse (nk'ipamba muri Sinayi), ntibyoroshye kumenya ibicuruzwa birimo ibyiciro byagenwe cyangwa ubwoko bwibicuruzwa bityo bikaba bitari mu rwego rwa WRO.
Iki nikibazo nyacyo mukurwanya imirimo y'agahato, iboneka ahantu hose hanze yicyiciro cya mbere cyo gutanga, ni ukuvuga ko imirimo y'agahato ikoreshwa numuntu uwo ari we wese utanga amasoko usibye uwakoze ibicuruzwa byanyuma.Ibi birababaje, kubera ko amasoko menshi ahatirwa guhuza abakozi murwego rwo gutanga amasoko afitanye isano na Amerika arimbitse kuruta urwego rwa mbere rwo gutanga.Ibi birimo ibicuruzwa byatunganijwe byoroheje mbere yo gutumizwa mu mahanga ariko bigacuruzwa nkibicuruzwa bityo bigatakaza umwirondoro wabo nyuma yo gusarura, nkibicuruzwa nka kakao, ikawa na peporo.Harimo kandi ibicuruzwa byanyuze mubyiciro byinshi byo gukora mbere yo gutumizwa mu mahanga, nkibicuruzwa nka pamba, amavuta yintoki na cobalt.
Ibiro mpuzamahanga bishinzwe umurimo (ILAB) byashyize ahagaragara urutonde rw’ibicuruzwa bizwi na guverinoma y’Amerika bigomba gukorwa n’akazi k’agahato n’imirimo ikoreshwa abana.Urutonde ruheruka kurutonde rwerekanye ibicuruzwa bigera ku 119 byakorewe mu gihugu ku mirimo y'agahato.Bimwe muri ibyo bicuruzwa birashobora kubyazwa umusaruro hakoreshejwe imirimo y'agahato ku cyiciro cya nyuma cyo gukora (nka elegitoroniki, imyenda cyangwa amatapi), ariko ibyinshi byinjira muri Amerika mu buryo butaziguye.
Niba CBP ishaka gukoresha WRO kugirango ibuze ipamba kuva mu Bushinwa kwanga impamba iva mu Bushinwa, igomba kubanza kumenya ibicuruzwa birimo ipamba rya Sinayi.Hano haribintu byose mububiko busanzwe bwo gutumiza CBP ishobora gukoresha kugirango ifashe kuziba icyuho.
Urebye ukuri kw'imyenda itangwa ku isi, gasutamo yo muri Amerika no kurinda imipaka ntishobora gutekereza ko ibicuruzwa byose by'Abashinwa birimo ipamba bikozwe mu ipamba rya Sinayi.Ubushinwa nabwo bubaye igihugu kinini ku isi gitumiza fibre.Umubare munini w'imyenda y'ipamba ikorerwa mu Bushinwa irashobora gukorwa mu ipamba ikorerwa muri Amerika.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ipamba ikorerwa mu Bushinwa irashobora kuzunguruka mu budodo, hanyuma ikabohwa mu mwenda, hanyuma ikinjira muri Amerika mu buryo bw’imyenda yarangiye ivuye muri Amerika, Turukiya, Honduras, cyangwa Bangladesh.
Ibi birerekana neza "inenge" ya mbere mu gice cya 307 yavuzwe haruguru.Niba impamba zose ziva mu Bushinwa zifite ibyago byo gukorerwa imirimo y'agahato, noneho miliyari icumi z'amadolari y'ibicuruzwa birimo ipamba bishobora gutumizwa muri Amerika mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko.Impamba zikorerwa mu Bushinwa zigera kuri 15-20% by’ipamba ku isi.Icyakora, ntamuntu numwe uzi ibicuruzwa byakozwe bigengwa n amategeko, kuko kumenya inkomoko ya fibre yimyenda mumyenda itumizwa hanze ntabwo bisabwa gutumizwa hanze.Abatumiza mu mahanga benshi ntibazi igihugu gikomokamo fibre mu masoko yabo, kandi gasutamo n’Amerika ishinzwe kurinda imipaka (CBP) irabizi bike.Ubwanyuma, ibi bivuze ko kuvumbura ibicuruzwa bikozwe mu ipamba rya Sinayi ni ubwoko bwibihimbano.
UFLPA ni iki?Nkigisubizo cyibibazo byo kubahiriza igice cya 307 kurwanya Sinayi, bite kuri UFLPA?Iki nikindi gitekerezo.Mubyukuri, ibi ni nka WRO yemewe n'amategeko.UFLPA izibwira ko ibicuruzwa byose bikomoka muri rusange cyangwa igice cyacyo mu Bushinwa, kimwe n’ibicuruzwa byose byakozwe n’abakozi b’Abatutsi bijyanye na gahunda z’imibereho ihangayikishije Ubushinwa, aho biherereye, bigomba gukorwa n’akazi ku gahato.Kimwe na WRO, niba uwatumije mu mahanga afunze ibicuruzwa byinshi akekwaho imirimo y'agahato nyuma yuko UFLPA itangiye gukurikizwa (iracyari nini "niba"), uwatumije mu mahanga ashobora kugerageza kwerekana ko ibicuruzwa bitarenze urugero (kubera ko atari cyangwa biriho) inkomoko).Ibicuruzwa byakorewe mu Bushinwa cyangwa mu Banyiginya), nubwo ibicuruzwa byatangiriye mu Bushinwa cyangwa bikozwe n’Abanyiginya, imirimo y'agahato ntabwo ikoreshwa.Inyandiko ya UFLPA, yongeye kugarukwaho muri iyi Kongere na Senateri Marco Rubio, ikubiyemo andi mabwiriza menshi ashimishije, harimo uburenganzira bwa CBP bwo kurushaho guteza imbere amategeko, no guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa hifashishijwe ibitekerezo by’abaturage ndetse n’ibigo byinshi by’ubumwe bwa Leta Strategy.Icyakora, mu buryo bw'ibanze, ingingo zifatika z'uyu mushinga ziracyari ingingo zemewe n'amategeko ku bicuruzwa byakozwe n'abakozi b'Abashinwa cyangwa Abanyiginya.
Ariko, UFLPA ntizakemura ibibazo byose by’ingutu by’ubucuruzi byatewe n’ikibazo cy’Ubushinwa.Uyu mushinga w'itegeko ntuzafasha kurinda gasutamo no kurinda imipaka muri Amerika kumenya neza ko ibicuruzwa bikozwe mu Bushinwa cyangwa mu Banyiginya byinjira muri Amerika.Iminyururu nini kandi idasobanutse izakomeza kubangamira ibyemezo byo kubahiriza amategeko.Uyu mushinga w'itegeko ntubuza gutumizwa mu mahanga birenze ibicuruzwa byabujijwe guturuka mu Bushinwa, nta nubwo bihindura mu buryo bwuzuye inshingano ku batumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa bikomoka mu Bushinwa cyangwa ibicuruzwa byakozwe na Uyghur.Keretse niba afunzwe, ntabwo "azimura" umutwaro wo gutanga ibimenyetso, nta nubwo yatanze ikarita y'umuhanda yo kwagura ifungwa.Umubare munini wibikorwa byubucuruzi bitamenyekanye hamwe nakazi gahato kazigamijwe bizakomeza.
Ariko, UFLPA izageraho byibuze intego imwe yingirakamaro.Ubushinwa burahakana yivuye inyuma ko gahunda y’imibereho myiza y’Abashinwa b’Abashinwa bingana n’imirimo y'agahato.Mu maso y'Abashinwa, ibyo ni ibisubizo byo kugabanya ubukene no kurwanya iterabwoba.UFLPA izasobanura uburyo Amerika ibona gahunda zogukurikirana no gukandamiza buri gihe, nkukuntu itegeko rya 2017 ryatanze ibitekerezo nkibi ku bakozi ba Koreya ya Ruguru.Niba ari icyemezo cya politiki cyangwa gutangaza gusa ukuri ukurikije Amerika, aya ni amagambo akomeye yavuzwe na Kongere na Perezida kandi ntagomba guhita ajugunywa.
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2016 ivugurura ry’iri tegeko ryakuyeho icyuho cyari kimaze igihe kinini mu ngingo ya 307, maze CBP itangira gukurikiza iryo tegeko nyuma y’imyaka 20 ihagaritswe, ahanini uburambe bw’amashyaka yagize uruhare mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingingo ya 307 ntago bwari buringaniye na gato. .Umuryango w’ubucuruzi utumizwa mu mahanga uhungabanye cyane n’uburyo butemewe bwo kubahiriza amategeko n’ibikorwa bishobora guhungabanya ubucuruzi bw’umurimo butemewe ku gahato.Abafatanyabikorwa bifuza gushimangira kubahiriza amategeko bababazwa no gutinda kubahiriza amategeko, kandi umubare rusange w’ibikorwa byakozwe ni muto cyane, bimwe muri byo bikaba bitangaje mu rwego.Ibibera muri Sinayi ni iterambere rya vuba aha, nubwo ari nacyo kintu gitangaje cyane, kugirango ugaragaze ibitagenda neza mu gice cya 307.
Kugeza ubu, imbaraga zo gukemura izo nenge zibanze ku mato mato mato na tu-kudoda: nk'urugero, hashyizweho itsinda rishinzwe ibigo kugira ngo ritegure gahunda yo gushyira mu bikorwa igice cya 307, kandi raporo y'ibiro bishinzwe ibaruramari rya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika yasabye ko CBP itanga Ibikoresho byinshi no kunoza gahunda z’umurimo, hamwe n’inama y’inama ngishwanama y’abikorera ku giti cyabo kuri CBP, kugira ngo bagabanye ibirego by’akazi ku gahato kandi bahindure amategeko agenga gasutamo.Niba byatangajwe, verisiyo ya UFLPA iherutse kugarurwa muri kongere ya 117 niyo izahinduka cyane ku gice cya 307 kugeza ubu.Nubwo, nubwo impungenge zose zifatika zerekeye ingingo ya 307, nta mpungenge nke zerekeye amabwiriza ubwayo.Nubwo itegeko ribuza kwinjiza ibicuruzwa byose cyangwa byose bikozwe nakazi gahato, amategeko ubwayo arakomeye, ariko amategeko ubwayo aracyakeneye kuvugururwa byihutirwa.
Kubera ko Igice cya 307 kibujijwe gutumiza mu mahanga, amabwiriza ya gasutamo ashyira mu bikorwa iri tegeko ni mu buryo busekeje hagati y’ibihano bitumizwa mu mahanga ku zindi kashe mpimbano zitumizwa mu mahanga na filime ziteye isoni (mu buryo busanzwe ubwoko bw’ibicuruzwa ubona), kugira ngo bisobanure umucamanza w’Urukiko rw’ikirenga Potter Stewart ( Mubumbyi Mubumbyi).Ariko, mubigaragara no mubucamanza, nta tandukaniro riri hagati yibicuruzwa bikozwe nakazi gahato nibicuruzwa bikozwe nta mirimo y'agahato.Ndetse no gushyiraho amabwiriza bisa nkaho bivuze ko igice cya 307 icyitegererezo ari kibi.
Niba ari ukuri ko isano iri hagati yurwego rwogutanga amasoko nakazi ku gahato ikomeje kubera urunigi runini kandi rutagaragara, noneho amategeko asaba ko urwego rutangwa neza kandi rusobanutse ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kurandura imirimo y'agahato.Kubwamahirwe, umubare munini wingero zamabwiriza yatumijwe yerekana uburyo bwo kubikora mubindi bihe, hamwe nitsinzi rikomeye.
Mubyukuri, kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ni amakuru gusa.Abatumiza mu mahanga basabwa n'amategeko gukusanya aya makuru no kuyamenyesha abashinzwe za gasutamo, ndetse n'akazi kakozwe n'abashinzwe za gasutamo bonyine cyangwa ku bufatanye n'impuguke mu bijyanye n’ibindi bigo kugira ngo basuzume niba ayo makuru ari ukuri kandi barebe ko ari ingaruka nziza .
Amabwiriza yatumijwe mu mahanga yamye aturuka ku kugena imipaka ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bitumizwa mu mahanga bifite uburyo bumwe na bumwe bw’ibyago, ndetse no gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bigabanye izo ngaruka.Kurugero, ibiryo bitumizwa mu mahanga bigize isoko ishobora guteza ubuzima bwiza bwabaguzi.Kubera iyo mpamvu, amabwiriza nk’Itegeko ry’ibiribwa, ibiyobyabwenge, n’amavuta yo kwisiga hamwe n’amategeko agenga ivugurura ry’umutekano w’ibiribwa, ayobowe n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe ibiribwa n’ibiyobyabwenge kandi ashyirwa mu bikorwa na gasutamo n’Amerika ishinzwe kurinda imipaka ku mupaka, ashyiraho uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo gutumiza mu mahanga ibiribwa bitwikiriye .Aya mategeko ateganya amategeko atandukanye kubicuruzwa bitandukanye bishingiye ku kaga.
Abatumiza mu mahanga bagomba kubamenyesha hakiri kare ko bafite umugambi wo gutumiza mu mahanga ibiryo bimwe na bimwe, gushyira ibicuruzwa ku bipimo ngenderwaho byihariye, cyangwa gukusanya no kubika inyandiko zerekana ko ibikoresho by’ibiribwa byo mu mahanga byujuje ubuziranenge bw’Amerika.Uburyo nk'ubwo bufatwa kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byose bitumizwa mu kirango cya swater (amategeko agenga ibirango bya fibre bikurikiza amategeko agenga imyenda y’ubudodo n’ubwoya bikozwe na komisiyo ishinzwe ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi) ku myanda yangiza (amategeko n'amabwiriza atangwa n’ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije) yujuje ibisabwa.
Nkuko Igice cya 307 kibuza kwambara ubusa 54, nta tegeko risabwa n'amategeko ryerekeye ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ku mirimo y'agahato.Guverinoma ntabwo ikusanya amakuru y'ibanze ku bicuruzwa bifite ingaruka zizwi ku mirimo y'agahato, ndetse ntisaba n'uwatumije mu mahanga kuvuga neza ko “ubu bwato butakozwe muri rusange cyangwa igice cyabwo ku bw'akazi ku gahato.”Nta fomu yuzuza, nta kugenzura agasanduku, nta makuru yo gutangaza.
Kunanirwa kwerekana ingingo ya 307 nkuburyo bwo kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bifite ingaruka zidasanzwe.Hamwe n’igitutu cyiyongera kuri CBP gushyira mu bikorwa iryo tegeko, gasutamo y’Amerika imaze igihe kinini ari imwe mu moteri zikomeye za guverinoma y’Amerika.Irashobora kwishingikiriza gusa kubuntu bwabanyamahanga kugirango ibone amakuru ajyanye nibyemezo bifatika igomba gufata.Ntabwo ari uguhitamo gusa aho twashyira ingufu mu kubahiriza amategeko y’ikigo, hanyuma hagashyirwa mu bikorwa ibikorwa byo kubahiriza amategeko ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.
Mu gihe nta buryo bwo gusuzuma ibirego by’umurimo w’agahato n’ibimenyetso bifitanye isano binyuranye mu buryo buboneye, bushingiye ku nyandiko, CBP yitabaje ubufatanye n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (ONG) gukusanya amakuru ku mirimo y'agahato, kandi abayobozi ba CBP barabifite. Genda muri Tayilande no mu bindi bihugu.Sobanukirwa n'ikibazo mu buryo butaziguye.Muri iki gihe abayoboke ba Kongere batangiye kwandika amabaruwa kuri gasutamo yo muri Amerika no kurinda imipaka, bagaragaza ingingo zishimishije zerekeye imirimo y'agahato basomye, kandi basaba ko hajyaho ingamba.Ariko kubikorwa by'imiryango itegamiye kuri leta, abanyamakuru, n'abagize Kongere, ntibisobanutse uburyo CBP ikusanya amakuru akenewe kugirango ishyirwa mu bikorwa ingingo ya 307.
Nkuburyo bushya bwo gutumiza mu mahanga, gusobanura guhagarika imirimo ku gahato nkuburyo bwo kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bishobora gushyiraho ibisabwa mu gutanga amakuru ajyanye n’ibibazo by’akazi ku gahato.Nkuko bigenda, CBP yatangiye kumenya ubwoko bwinshi bwamakuru ashobora kuba ingirakamaro mu iperereza ryakazi.Ahanini bitewe nubufatanye burambye bwamasoko hagati ya CBP nabayobozi binganda.CBP yasanze igishushanyo mbonera cyuzuye cyo gutanga amasoko, ibisobanuro byukuntu wagura umurimo kuri buri ntambwe murwego rwo gutanga amasoko, politiki yimibereho myiza yabaturage hamwe n amategeko agenga imyitwarire bishobora gukoreshwa nkibisobanuro.Ifasha kumenyesha ibyemezo byo gushyira mubikorwa.
CBP yatangiye no kohereza ibibazo kubatumiza mu mahanga basaba ibyangombwa nk'ibi, nubwo kuri ubu nta tegeko rivuga ko gutunga izo nyandiko ari ibintu bitumizwa mu mahanga.Dukurikije 19 USC § 1509 (a) (1) (A), CBP ikora urutonde rwinyandiko zose abinjira mu mahanga bashobora gusabwa kubika, zitashyizwemo nkibintu byatumijwe mu mahanga.CBP irashobora guhora isaba, kandi bamwe mubatumiza ibicuruzwa hanze barashobora kugerageza gutanga ibintu byingirakamaro, ariko kugeza ingingo ya 307 ivuguruye muburyo bwamabwiriza yatumijwe mu mahanga, igisubizo cyibyo byifuzo kizakomeza kuba igikorwa cyukuri.Ndetse n'abashaka gusangira ntibashobora kugira amakuru amategeko atabasaba kugira.
Urebye kwagura urutonde rwibyangombwa bisabwa gutumizwa mu mahanga kugirango ushiremo igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibicuruzwa na politiki ishinzwe imibereho myiza y’amasosiyete, cyangwa guha CBP ububasha bunini bwo gufunga guhiga ipamba ry’Ubushinwa cyangwa ibindi bicuruzwa bikozwe n’akazi ku gahato, byoroshye birashobora kuboneka igisubizo.Nyamara, igisubizo nk'iki gishobora kwirengagiza ikibazo cy’ibanze cyo gushyiraho itegeko ribuza kwinjiza ibicuruzwa ku gahato ku gahato, ari byo bihitamo uburyo byakemuka neza ku bibazo bifatika kandi byemewe n'amategeko bigizwe n’iperereza ry’umurimo ku gahato.
Ibintu nibibazo byemewe n'amategeko murwego rwimirimo y'agahato biragoye kubikemura, kimwe nikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose cyagaragaye mubijyanye no kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ariko inyungu zirimo ni nyinshi cyane, kandi hamwe no gusobanura imyitwarire n'icyubahiro, ntahantu hasa.
Uburyo butandukanye bwo kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bizamura ibibazo bigoye byukuri n amategeko.Kurugero, Nigute gasutamo yo muri Amerika no kurinda imipaka itandukanya mugihe ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga byakiriye inkunga zidakwiye zitangwa na leta z’amahanga, ibyangiritse ku nganda zo mu gihugu, n’agaciro keza k’izo nkunga?Igihe CBP yafungurizaga umupira urimo icyambu ku cyambu cya Los Angeles / Long Beach, imipira yatanzwe ku karengane yasaga neza neza n’imyenda yagurishijwe.
Igisubizo ni uko itegeko ry’imisoro irwanya inkunga yashyizweho mu mpera za za 70 (ryemerwa n’umuryango mpuzamahanga mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho nkicyitegererezo cy’amahame mpuzamahanga agenga amategeko y’imisoro) risaba ibigo bifite ubumenyi gukurikiza inzira zishingiye ku manza kandi bigashyirwaho inzira zishingiye ku bimenyetso.Andika icyemezo cyanditse kandi wemere ububasha buboneye.Isubiramo.Hatariho inzego zubutegetsi zifatika zashyizweho n amategeko yanditse, ibyo bibazo bifatika namategeko bizakemuka hashingiwe kumuzi ya innuendo idasobanutse nubushake bwa politiki.
Gutandukanya ibicuruzwa byakozwe nakazi kagahato nibikorwa byakozwe nakazi keza bisaba byibuze ibintu byinshi bigoye hamwe nicyemezo cyamategeko nkurubanza urwo arirwo rwose ruvuguruza, nibindi byinshi.Nihehe rwose imirimo y'agahato kandi CBP ibimenya ite?Nihehe murongo uri hagati yimbaraga zabakozi zifite ibibazo bikomeye gusa nimbaraga zakazi zagahato?Nigute leta isuzuma niba hari isano hagati yimirimo ikoreshwa imirimo n’urwego rutanga amasoko afitanye isano n’Amerika?Nigute abashinzwe iperereza nabafata ibyemezo bahitamo igihe hagomba gufatwa ingamba zisobanutse cyangwa mugihe hagomba gufatwa ingamba nini?Niba yaba CBP cyangwa uwatumije mu mahanga adashobora kwerekana neza ikibazo cyakazi kagahato, bizagenda bite?
Urutonde rurakomeza.Ni ubuhe buryo bugaragara bwo gufata ingamba?Ni ubuhe butumwa bugomba gufungwa?Ni ibihe bimenyetso bigomba kuba bihagije kugirango umuntu arekurwe?Nibihe bangahe byo gukosora bikenewe mbere yuko kubahiriza amategeko biruhuka cyangwa birangiye?Nigute leta yemeza ko ibibazo nkibi bifatwa kimwe?
Kugeza ubu, buri kibazo cyashubijwe na CBP gusa.Mubikorwa bishingiye ku nyandiko, nta na kimwe muri byo gishobora gukemurwa.Iyo ukora iperereza no gufata ingamba zo kubahiriza amategeko, ababigizemo uruhare ntibazabimenyeshwa hakiri kare, bisuzumwe n’ibitekerezo binyuranye cyangwa ngo batange impamvu zemewe zo gukora uretse gutangaza amakuru.Nta nteguza yatanzwe kandi nta bitekerezo byakiriwe.Ntawe uzi ibimenyetso bihagije kugirango irangize iryo tegeko, rihagarike itegeko cyangwa rikomeze.Icyemezo cyo kubahiriza ubwacyo ntigishobora gusuzumwa mu bucamanza.Ndetse no kurwego rwubuyobozi, nyuma yigihe kirekire kandi cyubushishozi, nta tegeko ryemewe rishobora gukorwa.Impamvu iroroshye, ni ukuvuga, ntakintu cyanditse.
Nizera ko abakozi ba leta bitangiye CBP biyemeje gukuraho ubucakara bugezweho mu gutanga amasoko bazemera ko hakenewe amategeko meza.
Muri iki gihe cyemewe n'amategeko cyubucakara bwa kijyambere, imirimo y'agahato, hamwe n’ibibazo bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ingero zimwe na zimwe zagiye ziyongera mu nkiko.Itegeko rya Kaliforuniya ryitwa “Supply Chain Transparency Act” hamwe n’amategeko agenga ubucakara bwa kijyambere ”yashyizweho n’inkiko nyinshi bishingiye ku gitekerezo kivuga ko urumuri rw’izuba ari rwo rwangiza kandi rushobora guteza imbere“ guhangana ”mu buryo burambye bwo gutanga amasoko.“Global Magnitsky Act” yateguwe na Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika kandi izwi cyane nk'icyitegererezo cy'ibihano bihohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu.Icyashingiweho ni uko uburenganzira bwa muntu bufite intego bushobora kugerwaho mu guhana no kubuza imikoranire n’ubucuruzi bubi.iterambere.
Guhagarika imirimo itumizwa mu mahanga ku gahato byuzuzanya, ariko bitandukanye n’amategeko agenga gutanga amasoko n’amategeko agenga ibihano.Icyangombwa cyo guhagarika ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ni uko ibicuruzwa bikozwe n’imirimo y'agahato bidafite umwanya mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.Bifata ko abashinzwe amategeko bose babona imirimo y'agahato bahuje imyumvire imwe, kandi ikemera ko ikwirakwizwa ry'imirimo y'agahato riterwa no kuba hari abakora ibikorwa bitemewe, kandi cyane cyane, kubera ko isoko ryo ku isi ari rinini kandi ridasobanutse.Iramagana igitekerezo kivuga ko ibintu bigoye cyangwa bidasobanutse aribyo bitera ibyago byabantu nubukungu birengagiza uburiganya, gucuruza, gusebanya no guhohoterwa.
Guhagarika imirimo iteganijwe gutumizwa mu mahanga birashobora kandi gukora ibyo itangazamakuru ryiperereza n’abaharanira imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta badashobora: gufata amashyaka yose kimwe.Abaguzi bafite uruhare mu gutanga amasoko ku isi ndetse n’abakora ibikorwa biganisha ku bucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka barenze kure ibyo, ntabwo ari ibirango gusa amazina yabo ashobora kugaragara muri raporo z’ibigo bitangaza amakuru cyangwa imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta.Imirimo y'agahato ni ibyago byabantu, ikibazo cyubucuruzi nukuri kwubukungu, kandi itegeko ryo kugenzura ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga rifite ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo kubikemura.Amategeko arashobora gufasha gutondekanya abakora amategeko mumyitwarire itemewe, no kugena ingaruka zo kwanga kubikora, kwemeza ko buriwese akorera icyerekezo kimwe.
Abafite uburyo bwa nyuma bazakoresha itegeko mu kurwanya indwara zitangwa (itegeko risaba komisiyo ishinzwe kugurizanya no kugurizanya muri Amerika gutangaza amakuru ajyanye n'amabuye y'agaciro), kandi abantu bazashidikanya.Hariho ibintu byinshi byo kugerageza amabuye y'agaciro yamakimbirane, ariko ntabwo arikintu kimwe: ikigo cyubutegetsi cyateguwe neza hamwe nibikoresho byagenzuwe byinjira mugihe cyagenwe.
None, ni irihe tegeko rishishikariza kumenya no gukuraho imirimo y'agahato?Ibyifuzo birambuye birenze iyi ngingo, ariko nzibanda kubintu bitatu byingenzi.
Icya mbere, Kongere igomba gushyiraho urwego rwemewe n’amategeko kugira ngo ikore iperereza ku kazi ku gahato, kandi yemere neza inzego z’ubutegetsi kwakira no gukora iperereza ku birego by’imirimo ikoreshwa imirimo y'agahato muri Amerika.Igomba gushyiraho ingengabihe iteganijwe n'amategeko yo gufata ibyemezo;guteganya ko ababuranyi bafite amahirwe yo gutanga amatangazo n'uburenganzira bwo kumva;kandi ushireho uburyo bwo gukoresha amakuru y'ibanga kugirango arinde amakuru yihariye yisosiyete, cyangwa kurinda abahohotewe bakekwa mugihe bikenewe.Umutekano.
Kongere igomba kandi gusuzuma niba iperereza nk'iryo risaba ubuhanga bw'abacamanza bashinzwe amategeko, cyangwa niba hari ikindi kigo kitari CBP kigomba gutanga ubumenyi mu bijyanye no gufata ibyemezo (urugero, Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi muri Amerika cyangwa ILAB).Igomba gusaba ko ibisubizo byanyuma byiperereza ari ugutanga ibyemezo bishingiye ku nyandiko, no gukora isuzumabumenyi rikwiye ry’ubuyobozi cyangwa / cyangwa ry’ubucamanza kuri ibyo byemezo, kandi rigakora isuzuma rimwe na rimwe kugira ngo harebwe niba ingamba zo gukosora zikomeje gusabwa.Amategeko agomba gusabwa byibuze kumenya niba n’aho imirimo y'agahato ibera.Ibicuruzwa byakozwe nakazi gahato birashobora kwinjira muri Amerika.Kubwibyo, ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga bigomba kuba igisubizo gishoboka.
Icya kabiri, kubera ko ibihe biganisha ku mirimo y'agahato bitandukana cyane mu nganda no mu bihugu, Kongere igomba gutekereza ku buryo bwo gukemura ibibazo bishobora gukoreshwa nyuma yo gufata ibyemezo byemeza mu bihe bitandukanye.Kurugero, mubihe bimwe na bimwe, birashobora kuba byiza gusaba ibisabwa byongerewe isoko kubitanga kugirango wemererwe kurenza uwatanze isoko cyangwa uwabikoze.Mu bindi bihe, iyo abantu bizera ko gushimangira ibikorwa byubahirizwa ku masoko y’amahanga ari ihuriro ry’ingenzi, birashobora kuba ngombwa gutanga uburyo bwo gushyigikira ibiganiro hagati y’ibihugu.Mu mategeko agenga ubucuruzi muri iki gihe, ingamba nyinshi zo gukosora zirashobora gufatwa kugira ngo hakemurwe uburyo butandukanye bw’ubucuruzi butera ibibazo, harimo n’ubushobozi bwo gufunga cyangwa kuvanamo ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bitumizwa mu mahanga cyangwa kugabanya ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga.Mu ntumbero yo gushira mu ngiro ingingo ya 307, inyinshi murizo miti zirashobora gukoreshwa.
Ingamba zifatika zo gukemura ibibazo zigomba kugumana rwose ibibujijwe (byuzuye kandi byuzuye) byingingo ya 307 yerekeye kwinjiza ibicuruzwa biva mu mirimo y'agahato, kandi muri icyo gihe, bigomba kwemerera no gushishikariza imiti no gukomeza kwitabira nubwo ibibazo by’umurimo ku gahato byavumbuwe.Kurugero, Kongere irashobora guhindura ihazabu ya gasutamo ikoreshwa hamwe nuburyo bwo gutangaza amakuru bukoreshwa ku mirimo y'agahato.Ibi bizatandukanya amategeko nuburyo bwa WRO buriho, bukunze gukora nkubutegetsi bwibihano - bushishikariza gusa guhagarika ibikorwa byubucuruzi ninzego zabigenewe, kandi bikabuza uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gukemura.
Hanyuma, kandi ahari cyane cyane, amabwiriza agomba kuba arimo uburyo bwo gukomeza ubucuruzi bwemewe.Ibigo bitegura ubufatanye mu gutanga amasoko hamwe n’umwanya wambere mu nshingano z’imibereho myiza y’amasosiyete no gutanga amasoko arambye bigomba gukomeza ubushobozi bw’ubucuruzi ku bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga.Kongera ubushobozi bwo kwerekana ko umuyoboro watanzwe utarangwamo imirimo y'agahato (harimo no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukurikirana kugira ngo ugere ku “nzira y'icyatsi” ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga) ni ingamba zikomeye zo gushimangira zitabaho nk'uko amategeko abiteganya kandi agomba gushyirwaho.
Mubyukuri, amabwiriza yavuguruwe arashobora no kugera kuri zimwe murizo ntego, zizamura cyane uko ibintu bimeze.Nizere ko Kongere ya 117 n'abafatanyabikorwa mu turere twose bashobora guhangana n'iki kibazo.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-01-2021