Abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge bakina udushya twihisha-dushakisha hamwe nabashinzwe kurinda inkombe nabandi bashinzwe umutekano wo mu nyanja.Kapiteni w’amato muri Mexico, Ruben Navarrete, ufite icyicaro muri leta ya Michoacán yo mu burengerazuba, yatangarije TV News mu Gushyingo gushize ko abahanga mu bikorwa byo mu nyanja bashobora kugarukira gusa ku kintu kimwe: ibitekerezo byabo bwite..Urukurikirane ruheruka gufatwa rwerekanye igitekerezo cye, kubera ko abacuruzi bagenda barushaho guhanga, kandi bafite ahantu hihishe hejuru no munsi yurwego."InSight Crime" irasesengura bumwe muburyo buzwi kandi bwo guhanga uburyo bwo kwihisha kumato mumyaka, nuburyo iyi nzira ikomeza kugenda itera imbere.
Rimwe na rimwe, ibiyobyabwenge bibikwa mu gice kimwe na ankeri, kandi abantu bake bashobora kwinjira.Mu mwaka wa 2019, ibitangazamakuru byatangaje uburyo ibiro 15 bya kokayine byari byihishe muri Caldera ya Porto Rico muri Repubulika ya Dominikani kandi byihishe mu kabari k'ubwato.
Bitabaye ibyo, ubwato bumaze kugera aho bugera, hakoreshejwe inanga kugirango byoroherezwe gutanga ibiyobyabwenge.Mu 2017, abategetsi ba Espagne batangaje ko hafashwe toni zirenga imwe ya kokayine ku nyanja ndende bivuye mu bwato bw'ibendera rya Venezuela.Minisiteri y’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu muri Amerika yasobanuye uburyo abashinzwe kubahiriza amategeko barebeye hamwe ibintu 40 biteye inkeke muri ubwo bwato, byahuzaga imigozi kandi bigashyirwa ku nkuge ebyiri.
Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, ibi bikorwa kugira ngo abakozi babashe guta imizigo itemewe mu nyanja mu gihe gito gishoboka kugira ngo batamenyekana.Abayobozi barebeye hamwe babiri mu bakozi babashije kugera kuri iyi ntego mbere yuko bahura n’abandi bane bari mu ndege.
Gukoresha inanga mu gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge bishingiye kuri pragmatism kandi ubusanzwe bikurura ba magendu bateganya kwinjiza magendu mu bwikorezi bwo mu nyanja.
Bumwe mu buryo abantu bacuruza bagerageza kwinjiza magendu mu mahanga ni uguhisha ibintu bitemewe mu bikoresho bisanzwe biherereye mu mizigo minini cyangwa mu bwato.Kokayine ikunze kujyanwa muri Atlantike ikoresheje “gancho ciego” cyangwa “amarira arira”, bivuze ko abakora magendu bakunze kugerageza guhisha ibiyobyabwenge mu bikoresho byagenzuwe n'abashinzwe za gasutamo.
Nkuko InSight Crime yabitangaje umwaka ushize, muri urwo rwego, gutwara ibyuma bishaje byateje ibibazo bikomeye abayobozi, kubera ko iyo scaneri yihishe mu myanda myinshi, scaneri ntishobora gukuraho imiti mike.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abayobozi basanze bigoye kohereza imbwa zihumura kugira ngo bamenye ibiyobyabwenge muri iki gihe, kubera ko inyamaswa zishobora gukomereka mu gihe zikora imirimo yazo.
Bitabaye ibyo, ubusanzwe ibintu bitemewe byinjizwa mu biryo.Mu Kwakira gushize, ingabo z’igihugu cya Espagne zatangaje ko zafashe toni zirenga 1 za kokayine ku nyanja ndende.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, abayobozi basanze ibiyobyabwenge hagati y’imifuka y’ibigori mu bwato bwaturutse muri Burezili bwerekeza mu ntara ya Cadiz yo muri Esipanye.
Mu mpera za 2019, abategetsi b'Abataliyani bari basanze toni zigera kuri 1.3 za kokayine mu kintu gikonjesha kirimo ibitoki, cyari kiva muri Amerika y'Epfo.Mu ntangiriro z'umwaka ushize, ku cyambu cya Livorno muri iki gihugu hafatiwe ibiyobyabwenge byandika amateka, maze igice cya toni y’ibiyobyabwenge basanga cyihishe mu kintu cyabonaga ko ari ikawa iva Honduras.
Urebye ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rikabije, Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye rishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n’ubugizi bwa nabi (UNODC) ryakoranye n’umuryango w’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita kuri gasutamo (gasutamo) gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo kugenzura kontineri ku isi mu rwego rwo kurwanya izo mbaraga.
Mbere, ibiyobyabwenge byafatwaga mu bintu bya kapiteni.Ibigeragezo nkibi ntibikunze kugaragara kandi bisaba ruswa ikomeye mwizina rya capitaine cyangwa abakozi kugirango bakore neza.
Nk’uko ibitangazamakuru byabitangaza, umwaka ushize, ingabo zirwanira mu mazi zo muri Uruguay zafashe ibiro bitanu bya kokayine mu kabari k’imbere y’ubwato bw’ibendera ry’Ubushinwa, bwageze i Montevideo buvuye muri Berezile.Subrayado yerekanye uburyo kapiteni ubwe yamaganye kuvumbura uyu mutwaro utemewe.
Ku rundi ruhande, Ultima Hora yasubiyemo ubushinjacyaha Bukuru avuga ko mu 2018, abategetsi ba Paraguay bafunze umuyobozi w’ubwo bwato nyuma yo gushinjwa kwinjiza ibiyobyabwenge mu bintu bye bwite.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, abayobozi bafashe ibiro 150 bya kokayine ku cyambu cya Asuncion muri iki gihugu, kandi ibiyobyabwenge bigiye koherezwa mu Burayi ku izina ry '“umucuruzi uzwi cyane” bivugwa ko ukora mu mutwe w’abagizi ba nabi bo muri Paraguay.
Ahandi hantu hihishe abacuruzi bashaka kohereza ibicuruzwa bitemewe ni hafi yumuyoboro wubwato runaka.Ibi ni gake cyane, ariko bizwi ko bibaho.
Amadosiye ya El Tiempo yerekana ko hashize imyaka irenga makumyabiri, mu 1996, abayobozi bavumbuye ko kokayine yari yihishe mu mato y’ingabo z’igihugu cya Peru.Nyuma y’uruhererekane rufitanye isano, hafi ibiro 30 bya kokayine byabonetse mu kabari kari hafi y’umuyoboro w’ubwato bwo mu mazi bwometse ku bilometero bitatu uvuye ku cyambu cya Lima muri Callao.Nyuma y'iminsi mike, bivugwa ko ibindi kilo 25 by'ibiyobyabwenge byabonetse mu kabari k'ubwo bwato bumwe.
Urebye ibyatangajwe byavuzwe, aho kwihisha ntibyakoreshejwe gake.Ibi birashobora guterwa ningorane za magendu zo kwegera umuyoboro wubwato utavumbuwe, ningorane zo guhisha itsinda runaka ryibintu bitemewe hano.
Bitewe n'ibikorwa bya magendu munsi ya magendu, abacuruzi bagiye bahisha ibiyobyabwenge mu muyoboro.
Mu mwaka wa 2019, InSight Crime yatangaje ko umuyoboro uyobowe na Kolombiya uyobowe na Kolombiya wohereje kokayine ku byambu bya Pisco na Chimbote, muri Peru, mu Burayi, cyane cyane mu guha akazi abayobora kugira ngo basudire udupaki tw’ibiyobyabwenge bifunze mu mwobo wa hull.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, buri bwato bwinjije ibiro 600 batabizi.
EFE yatangaje ko muri Nzeri uwo mwaka, abategetsi ba Espagne bafashe ibiro birenga 50 bya kokayine byihishe mu gice cy’amazi y’ubwato bw’abacuruzi nyuma yo kugera muri Gran Canaria avuye muri Berezile.Nk’uko ibitangazamakuru byabitangaza, abayobozi basobanuye uburyo imizigo itemewe yabonetse mu muyoboro uyobora munsi y’igorofa.
Nyuma y'amezi make, mu Kuboza 2019, abapolisi ba uquateur bagaragaje uburyo abadive basanze ibiro bisaga 300 bya kokayine byihishe mu mwobo w'amato mu nyanja.Abayobozi bavuga ko kokayine yinjijwe muri Mexico na Repubulika ya Dominikani mbere yo gufatwa.
Iyo ibiyobyabwenge byihishe munsi yurwego, kabone niyo byakenerwa mubisanzwe kugirango byoroherezwe, imyanda iri mubwato irashobora kuba hamwe mubantu bakunze kwihisha kubacuruza.
Abagizi ba nabi bakomeje kuguma munsi y’urugero, bakoresheje amazi kugira ngo bahishe ibiyobyabwenge kandi boroherezwe gucuruza.Nubwo ubu bwihisho budakunze kugaragara kuruta abakunzwe gakondo, umuyoboro utoroshye wakoranye nabashitsi kugirango babike imifuka yibintu nkibi bitemewe muri iyo mibande.
Muri Kanama umwaka ushize, ibitangazamakuru byatangaje uburyo abategetsi ba Chili bafunze abantu 15 bakekwaho kuba ari abagizi ba nabi (barimo abanya Chili, Peruviya na Venezuwela) bazira gutwara ibiyobyabwenge muri Peru muri Antofagasta mu majyaruguru y’igihugu ndetse n’umurwa mukuru w’iburengerazuba., San Diego.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, uyu muryango wahishe ibiyobyabwenge mu bwato bw’abacuruzi bo muri Peru.
Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, amazi y’ubwo bwato yakoreshejwe, ku buryo iyo ubwato bwanyuze mu mujyi wa Megillons uri mu majyaruguru y’icyambu cya Chili, umushoferi ugize igice cy’urusobe rutemewe ashobora gukuramo ibiyobyabwenge byihishe.Ibitangazamakuru byaho byerekanaga ko uwari uyibonye yageze mu bwato mu bwato bufite moteri y’amashanyarazi, kandi moteri y’amashanyarazi yavugije urusaku ruke cyane kugira ngo itamenyekana.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, igihe uyu muryango washenywaga, abayobozi bafashe ibiyobyabwenge bifite agaciro ka miliyari 1.7 (amadolari arenga miliyoni 2.3 y’amadolari y’Amerika), harimo ibiro 20 bya kokayine, ibiro birenga 180 bya marijuwana, hamwe na ketamine, imitekerereze ndetse n’ibyishimo.
Ubu buryo buragoye kuruta guhisha ibiyobyabwenge gusa muri kontineri, kuko mubisanzwe bisaba umuntu wizewe kurundi ruhande kwibira no gukusanya ibanga, mugihe yirinze abategetsi bo mu nyanja.
Uburyo bugenda bukundwa cyane n'abacuruzi ni uguhisha ibiyobyabwenge munsi yurugero, mu bwato cyangwa mu cyumba cy’amazi cyometse ku bwato.Imitwe y'abagizi ba nabi ikunze guha akazi abayobora kugirango borohereze ibikorwa nkibi.
Muri 2019, InSight Crime yavuze uburyo hull ikoreshwa cyane mu guteza imbere icuruzwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge, cyane cyane magendu ikoresha amato ava muri uquateur na Peru mu bucuruzi.Itsinda ry’abagizi ba nabi ryize uburyo bwo gutwara ibiyobyabwenge ku bwato, bituma ibintu bitemewe bisa nkaho bidashoboka kubimenya hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura.
Icyakora, abayobozi bagiye barwanya iki kigeragezo.Muri 2018, Navy Navy yo muri Chili yasobanuye uburyo abayobozi bafunze abagize agatsiko kinjiza magendu mu bwato bw’ubwato bwavaga muri Kolombiya bugana muri iki gihugu.Nyuma yo guhagarara muri Kolombiya, nyuma yuko ubwato bwari bwavuye muri Tayiwani bugera ku cyambu cya San Antonio cyo muri Chili, abayobozi bafashe ibiro birenga 350 bya marijuwana.Ku cyambu, ubwo abapolisi bo mu nyanja bageragezaga kugeza udupfunyika ndwi tw’ibiyobyabwenge tuvuye mu bwato mu bwato bw’uburobyi bwari butwawe n’abenegihugu babiri bo muri Chili, bahagarika abashitsi batatu bo muri Kolombiya.
Mu Gushyingo umwaka ushize, “Amakuru ya TV” yabajije umuntu utwara amato i Lazaro Cardenas, Michoacán, Mexico.Yavuze ko ubu buryo bushyira abayobozi mu kaga kandi ko mu bihe bimwe na bimwe usanga abashoferi batojwe bashakisha ibintu bitemewe mu mazi yuzuye ingona.
Nubwo dushobora kuba tumenyereye kubona ibiyobyabwenge byihishe mu bigega bya lisansi, magendu ku mato yandukuye ingamba.
Muri Mata umwaka ushize, Trinidad na Tobago Guardian batangaje uburyo abashinzwe umutekano ku nkombe z'icyo kirwa bafashe ubwato bwari butwaye miliyoni 160 z'amadolari ya kokayine.Amakuru aturuka mu bitangazamakuru yatangaje ko abayobozi basanze ibiro 400 by’ibiyobyabwenge mu kigega cya peteroli cy’ubwato, bongeraho ko bagombaga gukora “ubushakashatsi bwangiza” kugira ngo bagere kuri kokayine kubera ko guhisha byari byashyizweho ikimenyetso mu buryo bworoshye.Mubikoresho bitarimo amazi.
Nk’uko Diario Libre abitangaza ngo ku rugero ruto, nko mu 2015, abayobozi ba Repubulika ya Dominikani bafashe udupaki hafi 80 twa kokayine ku mato yerekeza muri Porto Rico.Ibiyobyabwenge basanze byanyanyagiye mu ndobo esheshatu mu gice cya lisansi y’ubwato.
Ubu buryo buri kure yuburyo busanzwe bukoreshwa na magendu yo mu nyanja, kandi ubunini bwabwo buratandukanye bitewe nibihe.Ariko, hamwe nubushobozi bwo kubamo ibintu byose kuva indobo yuzuye imiti kugeza kumupaki utemewe wapfunyitse mubikoresho bitemerwa, ibigega bya lisansi kumato ntibigomba kugabanywa nkahantu hihishe.
Ibyo bita "uburyo bwa torpedo" burazwi cyane muri magendu.Imitwe y'abagizi ba nabi yagiye yuzuza imiyoboro y'agateganyo (izwi kandi ku izina rya “torpedos”) kandi ikoresha imigozi yo guhambira ibyo bikoresho munsi y’urwobo, bityo rero niba abayobozi begereye cyane, bashobora guca imizigo itemewe ku nyanja ndende.
Muri 2018, abapolisi ba Kolombiya basanze ibiro 40 bya kokayine muri torpedo ifunze ifatanye n'ubwato bwerekezaga mu Buholandi.Polisi yatangaje mu buryo burambuye itangazo rigenewe abanyamakuru ryafashwe, isobanura uburyo abayibaga bakoresheje uburyo bwo kuvoma ubwo bwato kugira ngo bafate ibyo bikoresho mbere y’urugendo rw’iminsi 20.
Imyaka ibiri irashize, InSight Crime yatangaje uburyo ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe cyane nabacuruzi bo muri Kolombiya.
Mu mwaka wa 2015, abayobozi b'iki gihugu bata muri yombi abantu 14 bakekwaho kwinjiza ibiyobyabwenge mu gatsiko karimo ibiyobyabwenge muri silinderi y'ibyuma ku bwato.Nk’uko El Gerardo abitangaza ngo mu rwego rwo koroshya imikorere y’uyu muryango, abatwara ibinyabiziga bitemewe (umwe muri bo bivugwa ko yaba yaravuganye n’ingabo zirwanira mu mazi) bahinduye kontineri kugeza ku bwato butajegajega.Itangazamakuru ryongeyeho ko silindiri ya gaze yakozwe ninzobere mu gutunganya ibyuma ari nabwo yabipfundikishije fiberglass.
Ariko rero, torpedo ntiyahambiriwe gusa n'ubwato bwavaga muri Kolombiya.Nko mu mwaka wa 2011, InSight Crime yatangaje uburyo abapolisi ba Peru basanze ibiro birenga 100 bya kokayine muri torpedo y'agateganyo yometse munsi y'ubwato ku cyambu cya Lima.
Uburyo bwa torpedo buragoye kandi mubisanzwe bisaba ko hajyaho abanyamwuga, uhereye kubatwara amahugurwa bahuguwe kugeza kubakozi bakora ibyuma bakora kontineri.Nyamara, iryo koranabuhanga rimaze kumenyekana cyane mu bacuruzi, bizeye kugabanya ingaruka zo kwishora mu bicuruzwa bitemewe ku nyanja ndende.
Ibiyobyabwenge bikunze kwihisha mubyumba bigarukira kubakozi runaka.Kuri iki kibazo, abafite ubumenyi bwimbere bakunze kubigiramo uruhare.
Mu 2014, abapolisi ba uquateur bafashe ibiro birenga 20 bya kokayine mu bwato bwageze ku cyambu cya Manta muri iki gihugu bavuye muri Singapuru.Nk’uko inzego zibishinzwe zibitangaza, ibiyobyabwenge byabonetse mu cyumba cya moteri y’ubwato kandi bigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: ivarisi n’igifuniko cya jute.
Nk’uko El Gerardo abitangaza ngo nyuma y'imyaka itatu, bivugwa ko abayobozi basanze ibiro 90 bya kokayine mu kabari k'ubwato bwari buhagaze i Palermo, muri Kolombiya.Nk’uko ibitangazamakuru bibitangaza, uyu mutwaro amaherezo uzerekeza muri Berezile.Ariko mbere yuko ubwato bugenda, inama yayoboye abayobozi gushakisha ibiyobyabwenge muri hamwe mu bibujijwe mu bwato.
Hashize imyaka igera kuri makumyabiri, ibiro birenga 26 bya kokayine na heroine byabonetse mu kabari k’ubwato bw’amahugurwa bwa Navy bwo muri Kolombiya.Muri icyo gihe, ibitangazamakuru byavuze ko iyi miti ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n’umuryango wirwanaho muri Cúcuta.
Nubwo iki cyumba gifunzwe cyakoreshejwe mu guhisha ibiyobyabwenge bike, ni kure y’ahantu hazwi hinjizwa magendu, cyane cyane iyo hatabayeho uburyo bw’imbere.
Nkuko twese tubizi, mugikorwa cyihariye cyo guhanga, abacuruza bahisha ibiyobyabwenge munsi yimodoka zo mu nyanja.
Ku ya 8 Ukuboza umwaka ushize, ishami rya Amerika rishinzwe kugenzura imipaka n’umupaka (CBP) ryasangiye uburyo abatwara abapolisi bo ku cyambu cya San Juan, muri Porto Rico, basanze hafi kilo 40 za kokayine mu rushundura rw’inyanja munsi y’icyuma cyo mu nyanja, gifite agaciro ka miliyoni imwe y’amadolari.
Roberto Vaquero, umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe ibikorwa byo mu murima muri Porto Rico no mu birwa bya Virginie y’umutekano ku mipaka, yavuze ko magendu yakoresheje “uburyo bwo guhanga cyane kugira ngo ihishe ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe mu rwego mpuzamahanga.”
Nubwo uburyo bwa magendu butavuzwe cyane uburyo bwo kohereza imizigo itemewe bikorwa hifashishijwe icyuma gikoresha ubwato, ubu birashoboka ko ari bumwe mu buryo bushya.
Icyumba cyo kubikamo ubwato kiri mu bwato ntigishobora kugera ku bantu benshi, ariko abacuruzi babonye uburyo bwo kubyungukiramo.
Mu bihe byashize, amato yo mu mazi yakoreshaga umwanya muto kugira ngo ahinduke ihuriro ry’ibiyobyabwenge.Mu rugendo rwa transatlantike, ibyumba byo kubikamo binini byakoreshejwe mu guhisha imizigo itemewe.
El País yatangaje ko muri Kanama 2014, ubwato bw'amahugurwa bwa Navy bwo muri Esipanye bwasubiye mu rugo nyuma y'urugendo rw'amezi atandatu.Abategetsi bafashe ibiro 127 bya kokayine mu cyumba cyabikwagamo ubwato bwikaraga.Nk’uko ibitangazamakuru bibitangaza, abantu bake ni bo bashobora kwinjira muri uyu mwanya.
Muri urwo rugendo, ubwato bwari bwahagaze i Cartagena, muri Kolombiya, hanyuma buhagarara i New York.El País yavuze ko batatu mu bakozi bayo bashinjwaga kugurisha ibiyobyabwenge ku bacuruza muri leta ya Amerika.
Ibi bintu ntibisanzwe kandi mubisanzwe biterwa nubuyobozi bwa ruswa cyangwa ingabo ubwabo.
Abatwara ibinyabiziga bagiye bakoresha inzitiramubu zifatanije n’amato ku nyungu zabo, cyane cyane bazana ibiyobyabwenge mu bwato.
Muri Kamena 2019, amakuru yatangajwe mu bitangazamakuru yerekanaga uburyo abacuruza magendu yinjije toni zirenga 16.5 za kokayine mu mato y’imizigo nyuma yo kwiheba kwa miliyari y'amadolari i Philadelphia, muri Amerika.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, umufatanyabikorwa wa kabiri w’ubwo bwato yabwiye abashinzwe iperereza ko yabonye inshundura hafi y’ubwato bw’ubwato, burimo imifuka irimo imifuka ya kokayine, kandi yemera ko we n’abandi bantu bane bazamuye imifuka ku bwato bakayifata Nyuma yo kuyishyira mu kintu , yarafashwe.Kapiteni yemerewe kwishyura umushahara w'amadorari ibihumbi 50 by'Amerika.
Izi ngamba zakoreshejwe mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rizwi cyane "gancho ciego" cyangwa "rip-on, rip-off".
Turashishikariza abasomyi kwigana no gukwirakwiza ibikorwa byacu kubidafite intego zubucuruzi, no kwerekana ubugizi bwa nabi bwa InSight mubiranga, no guhuza nibirimo byumwimerere hejuru no hepfo yingingo.Nyamuneka sura urubuga rwa Creative Commons kugirango ubone ibisobanuro birambuye byukuntu twasangira akazi kacu, niba ukoresha ingingo, nyamuneka twohereze imeri.
Abategetsi ba Mexico bavuze ko nta murambo wabonetse mu mva ya Iguala wari uw'abanyeshuri baburiwe irengero,…
Ishami ry’imari muri Amerika ryongeyeho ikigo cy’ubucuruzi n’abantu batatu kuri “Urutonde rwa Kingpin.”Kubihuza na
Guverineri wa leta ya Tabasco yo muri Megizike yatangaje ko itsinda ry’ingabo zahoze ari Guatemala zidasanzwe, ari zo Kaibeles…
InSight Crime irashaka umuyobozi ushinzwe itumanaho ryigihe cyose.Uyu muntu agomba kuba ashoboye gukora mwisi yihuta, harimo amakuru ya buri munsi, ubushakashatsi bwamamaye cyane, murugo ndetse n’amahanga…
Murakaza neza kurugo rwacu rushya.Twahinduye urubuga kugirango dukore neza kandi ubunararibonye bwabasomyi.
Binyuze mu bushakashatsi butandukanye bwakozwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe, abashakashatsi bacu basesenguye kandi bategura imitwe minini y’ubukungu n’ubugizi bwa nabi itemewe mu mirenge 39 y’imipaka mu bihugu bitandatu by’ubushakashatsi (Guatemala, Honduras, na mpandeshatu y’amajyaruguru ya Salvador).
Abakozi ba InSight Crime bahawe igihembo kizwi cyane cya Simon Bolivar National Journalism Award muri Kolombiya kubera ko bakoze iperereza ry’imyaka ibiri ku mucuruzi w’ibiyobyabwenge witwa “Memo Fantasma”.
Umushinga watangiye hashize imyaka 10 kugirango ukemure ikibazo: Amerika ibura raporo za buri munsi, inkuru ziperereza, nisesengura ryibyaha byateguwe.…
Twinjiye murwego rwo gukora ibiganiro, raporo niperereza.Noneho, turagenzura, kwandika, no guhindura kugirango dutange ibikoresho bifite ingaruka zifatika.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-02-2021